2017年12月四級(jí)閱讀理解復(fù)習(xí)題及解析
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.
Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍縱即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.
The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.
Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.
Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through you available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.
注意：此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。
57. When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” (Line 4, Para. 1) in the writing process, he means ________.
A) no one can be both creative and critical
B) they cannot be regarded as equally important
C) they are in constant conflict with each other
D) one cannot use them at the same time(D)
58. What prevents people from writing on is ________.
A) putting their ideas in raw form
B) attempting to edit as they write
C) ignoring grammatical soundness
D) trying to capture fleeting thoughts(B)
59. What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?
A) To organize one’s thoughts logically.
B) To choose an appropriate topic.
C) To get one’s ideas down.
D) To collect raw materials.(C)
60. One common concern of writers about “free writing” is that ________.
A) it overstresses the role of the creative mind
B) it takes too much time to edit afterwards
C) it may bring about too much criticism
D) it does not help them to think clearly(B)
61. In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?
A) It refines his writing into better shape.
B) It helps him to come up with new ideas.
C) It saves the writing time available to him.
D) It allows him to sit on the side and observe.(A)
解析
這是一篇語(yǔ)言較為平易的說(shuō)明文，作者以簡(jiǎn)練、親切、對(duì)話式的語(yǔ)言向讀者闡述了自己的寫作方法。全文共五段，開篇以I’ve been writing for most of my life一句點(diǎn)明作者是位經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的作家，開門見山，在讀者心目中樹立了權(quán)威，為后文介紹的寫作方法被讀者接受鋪平了道路。作者隨后馬不停蹄提出了第一點(diǎn)寫作方法，The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind，即批判思維與創(chuàng)造思維不能同時(shí)共存。按照常理來(lái)講，這句話是應(yīng)該與前文斷開、自成一段的，原因是它與前文實(shí)際上是總分關(guān)系。不過(guò)由于文章的平易性和閑散性，作者也就對(duì)此未做過(guò)高要求。
第二段具體說(shuō)明解決批判思維與創(chuàng)造思維的關(guān)系問(wèn)題的方法：使用創(chuàng)造思維在前，使用批判思維在后：You must learn to create first and then criticize。
第三段介紹了運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造思維的具體方法：free writing，自由寫作;第四、五段具體講解批判思維的使用方法。
57. D
題目問(wèn)作者所講的寫作過(guò)程中的創(chuàng)造思維與批判思維cannot work in parallel是什么意思。
文章的第二段論述了創(chuàng)造性思維與批判性思維的關(guān)系問(wèn)題。從最后一句結(jié)語(yǔ)You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is可清晰地看出，在應(yīng)用這二種思維時(shí)，必須首先使用創(chuàng)造性思維，而后再使用批判性思維。意思就是二者不可同時(shí)使用。
A，一個(gè)人不可能既會(huì)用創(chuàng)造性思維又會(huì)用批判性思維。no one can be both creative and critical的意思是一個(gè)人身上不同時(shí)具備這二種思維能力，而不是不能同時(shí)使用這二者。作者在文中討論先運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造思維、后運(yùn)用批判思維的問(wèn)題，那么一個(gè)人肯定是具有這兩種思維能力的。A的解釋不對(duì)。
B，二者的重要性不可等量齊觀。從上下文來(lái)看，作者從未對(duì)二者孰重孰輕做出評(píng)判，而只是討論了先后問(wèn)題。
C，二者始終處于與對(duì)方斗爭(zhēng)沖突的狀態(tài)。從文中論述可知，只有當(dāng)人們想同時(shí)使用二者時(shí)，這二者才會(huì)發(fā)生沖突，如果一前一后使用則不會(huì)。所以并不能說(shuō)始終處于沖突狀態(tài)。因此這個(gè)選項(xiàng)的論斷不正確。
D，一個(gè)人不能同時(shí)運(yùn)用這二種思維，這一點(diǎn)與文中的You must learn to create first and then criticize相符。
58. B
題目問(wèn)妨礙人們實(shí)現(xiàn)流暢寫作的是什么?
文章第二段講到了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。開頭 The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.”一句具體指出了寫作時(shí)的壞習(xí)慣――嘗試修改(edit)，而解決辦法則是free writing。后文做了兩個(gè)假設(shè)，即在想法初現(xiàn)的.時(shí)候考慮語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題和想法初現(xiàn)就不做修改與人分享，這二種情形的結(jié)果都不理想。段末指出了解決方案：先不受影響地創(chuàng)造出想法，然后運(yùn)用批判思維進(jìn)行修改。
A，把原始的粗糙想法拿來(lái)與人分享。文中提到putting their ideas in raw form時(shí)是要強(qiáng)調(diào)想法如果不進(jìn)行修改則不會(huì)被人理解，想法能夠?qū)懴聛?lái)實(shí)際上已經(jīng)是流暢寫作的結(jié)果了，也就不存在妨礙問(wèn)題。
B，在寫作時(shí)試圖進(jìn)行修改。The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write，這句話指出邊寫邊修改是寫作的壞習(xí)慣，與B的說(shuō)法一致。
C，忽略語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。從第二段舉出的第一個(gè)假設(shè)可知，忽略語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤恰好是實(shí)現(xiàn)流暢寫作的方法，而非妨礙因素。
D，設(shè)法抓住稍縱即逝的想法。，文中提到correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍縱即逝的) thought, the thought will die，意思是寫作時(shí)如果想要糾正語(yǔ)法，那么想法很可能會(huì)消失。抓住稍縱即逝的想法實(shí)際上是寫作的第一步，而修改語(yǔ)法是其妨礙因素。
59. C
題目問(wèn)寫作第一個(gè)步驟的主要目標(biāo)是什么。
從某種角度來(lái)看，文章論述的其實(shí)就寫作的順序問(wèn)題。文章前半部分分析了創(chuàng)造性思維與批評(píng)性思維的關(guān)系，推出了必須先運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性思維記下想法而后再運(yùn)用批判性思維進(jìn)行修改的觀點(diǎn)(You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is)。后半部分對(duì)如何運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性思維和批判性思維進(jìn)行了具體描述。那么根據(jù)文意，寫作的第一步就是運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性思維把觀點(diǎn)記下來(lái)，記下來(lái)的方法就是free writing，即想到哪里就記到哪里。
A， 把想法有邏輯性地組織起來(lái)。Free writing的方法就是要把想法自由記下，而不作修改，而要做到 “有邏輯性地”組織，顯然應(yīng)是進(jìn)行了修改，是批判性思維的結(jié)果。因此A不對(duì)。
B， 選擇一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)念}目。全文沒(méi)有提到選擇題目問(wèn)題。
C，記下想法，與前面的分析一致，是正確的。
D，收集原始材料。文章也沒(méi)有提到材料收集問(wèn)題。
60. B
題目問(wèn)作家們進(jìn)行“自由寫作”時(shí)遇到的共同問(wèn)題是什么。文章第三段對(duì)free writing的方法進(jìn)行了具體說(shuō)明，之后兩段則指出自由寫作的結(jié)果是花費(fèi)很多時(shí)間來(lái)進(jìn)行修改。從第四段的this will take more time than you actually have，到第四段的Move back and forth until you run out of time，寫作者必須和時(shí)間賽跑，才能在時(shí)間用完時(shí)將文章修改完畢。因此，作家們的共同問(wèn)題應(yīng)該是修改時(shí)間過(guò)緊。
A，它過(guò)于強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造思維。強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造思維是自由寫作本身的特點(diǎn)，這個(gè)不是問(wèn)題，因過(guò)于強(qiáng)調(diào)而造成的修改時(shí)間過(guò)多才是問(wèn)題。
B，用來(lái)修改的時(shí)間過(guò)多。這一說(shuō)法符合我們前面所做的分析。
C，它會(huì)引來(lái)太多的批評(píng)。根據(jù)文意，正確的說(shuō)法應(yīng)該是會(huì)引來(lái)太多需要運(yùn)用批判思維進(jìn)行修改的地方。
D，自由寫作不能幫助作家清楚地思考。自由寫作的特點(diǎn)是幫助作家把最初最原始的想法記錄下來(lái)，這一步并不要求清楚地思考，也就不對(duì)作家們構(gòu)成問(wèn)題。“清楚地思考”要留待第二步――批判思維來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。
61. A
題目問(wèn)批判性思維在作家的寫作過(guò)程中起到了什么作用。相關(guān)內(nèi)容在最后二段。倒數(shù)第二段第一句Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly，指出在獲得前期資料后，即是運(yùn)用批判性思維的時(shí)候。下一段整段對(duì)如何運(yùn)用批判性思維進(jìn)行了描述，從中可以發(fā)現(xiàn)批判性思維的主要作用是對(duì)文章草稿進(jìn)行修改、精煉。
A，它使文章更加成形。也就是對(duì)文章草稿進(jìn)行修改、精煉的意思，符合最后一段對(duì)批判思維的描述。
B，它能使作家產(chǎn)生新的想法。根據(jù)文意，批判思維是對(duì)現(xiàn)有想法的修改，不會(huì)產(chǎn)生新的想法。
C，它可以節(jié)省作者的寫作時(shí)間。倒數(shù)第二段提到this will take more time than you actually have，意思是在運(yùn)用批判思維前很可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)間不夠用，那么批判思維有沒(méi)有節(jié)省時(shí)間呢?從“Move back and forth until you run out of time……”這最后一句話可以看出，即便運(yùn)用批判性思維，還是把所有的時(shí)間都用光了。因此并沒(méi)有節(jié)省時(shí)間。
D，它可使作者坐下來(lái)審視文章。坐下來(lái)審視文章的意思就是運(yùn)用批判性思維本身，不能說(shuō)本身會(huì)對(duì)本身起到什么作用。
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