2017年12月英語四級閱讀練習(xí)：段落匹配
2017年12月英語四級閱讀練習(xí)：段落匹配
Directions: In this section, you are going to read apassage with ten statements attached to it. Eachstatement contains informationgiven in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which theinformation is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Eachparagraph is marked with a letter Answer the questions by marking thecorresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
TV Linked to Lower Marks
A) The effect of television on children has been debatedever since the first sets were turned on. Now three new studies find that toomuch tube time can lower test scores, retard learning and even predict collegeperformance. The reports appear in the July issue of the Archives of Pediatrics& Ado-lescent Medicine.
B) In the first report, researchers studied the effectthat having a TV in a child's bedroom can have on third graders. "Welooked at the household media environment in relation to academic achievementon mathematics, reading and language artstests," said study author Dina L.G. Borzekowski, an as-sistant professorat Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
C) Borzekowski and her colleague, Dr. Thomas Robinson ofStanford University, collected data on386 third graders and their parents abouthow much TV the children watched, the number of TV sets, computers and videogame consoles in the household and where they were. They also collected data onhow much time the children spent using the different media, as well as the timespent doing homework and reading. The researchers found that the media in thehousehold, where it is and how it is used can have a profound effect onlearning. "We found that the household media environment has a very closeassociation with performance on the different test scores," Borzekowskisaid.
D) "A child who has a TV in his or her bedroom islikely to have a score that is eight points lower on a mathematics testcompared to a child who doesn't have a TV in the bedroom," she noted.These children also scored lower on the reading and language arts tests.However, children who have ac-cess to a home computer are likely to have higherscores on each of the tests compared with children who don't have access to ahome computer, Borzekowski noted.
E) The reasons why TV has this negative effect are notclear, Borzekowski said. "When there's TV in the bedroom, parents are lesslikely to have control over the content and the amount watched,"Borzekowski said. "They are also unable to know how early or how late theset is on. This seems to be associated with kids' performance on academictests." Borzekowski believes that content and the time the TV is on may bethe primary reasons for its negative effect. "If the TV is in the familyroom, then parents can see the content of what children are watching," shesaid. "Parents can choose to sit alongside and watch, or turn the set off.A simple and straightforward, positive parenting strategy is to keep the TV outof the child's bedroom, or remove it if it's already there."
F) In the second report, Dr. Robert J. Hancox from theUniversity of Ot ago in Dunedin, New Zealand, and colleagues found, regardlessof your intelligence or social background, if you watch a lot of TV duringchildhood, you are a lot less likely to have a college degree by your mid-20s.In their study, the researchers followed 1,037 people born in 1972 and 1973.Every two years, between the ages of5 and 15, they were asked how muchtelevision they watched. The researchers found that those who watched the mosttelevision during these years had earned fewer degrees by the time they were26."We found that the more television the child had watched, the morelikely they were to leave school without any qualifications," Hancox saidin a prepared statement. "Those who watched little television had the bestchance of going on to university and earning a degree."
G) Hancox's team found that watching TV at an early agehad the most effect on graduating from college. "An interesting findingwas that although teenage viewing was strongly linked to leaving school withoutany qualifications, it was earlier childhood viewing that had the greatestimpact on getting a degree," he said. "This suggests that excessivetelevision in younger children has a long-lasting adverse effect on educationalperformance."
H) In the third paper, Frederick J. Zimmerman and Dr.Dimitri A. Christakis from the University of Washington report that, for veryyoung children, watching TV can result in lower test scores in mathematics,reading recognition and reading comprehension. "We looked at how muchtelevision children watched before age 3 and then at ages 3 to 5,"Zimmerman said. "We found that for children who watched a small amount ofTV in the earlier years, there was co nsider able beneficial effect compared tochildren who watched a lot of TV."
I) For children aged 3 to 5, the effect was not as clear,Zimmerman said. "There were some beneficial effects of watching TV onreading, but no beneficial effects for math or vocabulary," he noted."The worst pattern was to watch more than three hours of TV before age 3.Those kids had a significant disadvantage compared to the other kids."Parents should follow the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation, whichis no TV for children under 2, Zimmerman said. "Personally, I feel thecutoff should be children under 3, because there is just not any good contentfor children under 3."
J) One expert believes that TV can have both positive andnegative effects, but it all depends on what children are watching."Content matters," said Deborah L. Line barger, an assistantprofessor at the University of Pennsylvania, who co-authored an accompanyingeditorial. "Educational content has been found to be related toperformance on school readiness tests, higher grades when they are teen-agers,whereas, non-educational content tends to be associated with lower academicperformance."
K) Another expert agrees. "TV watching takes upspace that could be used by more useful things," said Dr. Christopher P.Lucas, a clinical coordinator at the Early Childhood Evaluation and TreatmentProgram at the New York University Child Study Center. "TV is notnecessarily toxic, but is some-thing that has to be done in moderation;something that balances the other needs of the child for healthydevelopment."
L) Lucas puts the responsibility for how much TV kidswatch and what they watch squarely on parents. "The amount of TV watchingcertainly has a link with the reduced amount of time reading or doinghomework," he said. "The key is the amount of control parents have inlimiting the amount of access. Get the TV out of the bedroom; be aware of whatis being watched; limit the amount of TV watching."
46. According to Borzekowski, children having chances touse a family computer are likely to acquire better results on the differenttests.
47. The reports issued in the Archives of Pediatrics& Adolescents Medicine find that watching too much TV leads to poor performancein school.
48. Watching more than three hours of TV before age 3 hasbad effect on kids.
49. According to the second report, the chance for one toacquire a college degree depends on the amount of his TV watching duringchildhood.
50. In Deborah L. Lingbarger's opinion, educationalcontent is helpful for teenagers to get better results on school readinesstests.
51. The environment of family media greatly affectschildren's test scores according to the first report.
52. Borzekowski believes that TV's negative effect onchildren's marks may mainly lie in what children watch on TV and how much timethey spend on it.
53. Lucas thinks parents should take the responsibilityto supervise kids' TV watching.
54. According to the recommendation from American Academyof Pediatrics, children under 2 should watch no TV.
55. Hancox thinks earlier childhood TV watching affectsone's acquiring a college degree most.
SectionB
電視機(jī)與成績差有關(guān)
A.)自電視機(jī)問世以來，其對孩子的影響便一直頗具爭議�！�47】目前，有三項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，看電視事假太長會導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)成績下降，妨礙學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)步，甚至影響在大學(xué)的成績。這三項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告刊截在7月份的《兒科和青春期醫(yī)學(xué)檔案》雜志上。
B)在第一份報(bào)告中，研究人員研究在三年級學(xué)生的臥室里放置電視對他們的影響。其中的一位研究人員是約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)彭博公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院的助理教授DinaL.G.Borzekowski，她表示：“我們研究的是家庭媒體環(huán)境對數(shù)學(xué)、閱讀和語言藝術(shù)等科目測試成績的影響�！�
C)Borzekowski和她的同事，斯坦福大學(xué)的ThomasRobinson博士，調(diào)查了386位三年級學(xué)生及其父母，收集了大量關(guān)于孩子看電視花費(fèi)的時(shí)間、家中的電視機(jī)、電腦和視頻游戲設(shè)備的數(shù)量及其擺放位置。他們還收集了一些關(guān)于孩子在不同媒體上所花的時(shí)間和在家庭作業(yè)與閱讀上所花的時(shí)間的數(shù)據(jù)。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，家中媒體設(shè)備的擺放位置和使用方式對孩子的學(xué)習(xí)有重要的影響。【51】Borzekowski表示：“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)家庭媒體環(huán)境與孩子不同的測驗(yàn)分?jǐn)?shù)的表現(xiàn)有密切的關(guān)系。”
D)她表示：“臥室有電視機(jī)的孩子，其數(shù)學(xué)成績比臥室沒有電視機(jī)的孩子很可能會低8分�！倍宜麄兊拈喿x和語言藝術(shù)考試成績也相對降低�？墒荁orzekowski又說，【46】可以使用家庭電腦的孩子比家中沒有電腦的孩子更有可能在這些科目的測試中取程更高的分?jǐn)?shù)。
E)Borzekowsk表示目前關(guān)于電視會造成這種負(fù)面影響的原因尚不明確。她說：“如果孩子的臥室有電視機(jī)，家長便不太可能控制孩子們觀看的內(nèi)容和時(shí)間。他們也不可能知道孩子們多早或多晚打開電視機(jī)。這似乎與孩子的學(xué)習(xí)成績有關(guān)。”【52】 Bomekows】認(rèn)為電視內(nèi)容和觀看的時(shí)間可能是導(dǎo)致電視機(jī)的負(fù)面影響的主要原因�！叭绻娨曉诳蛷d，那么家長便可以知道孩子所觀看的內(nèi)容，”她說。 “家長可以選擇坐在旁邊一起觀看，或者將電視機(jī)關(guān)掉。一個(gè)簡單、直接、有效地方式就是不要在孩子的臥室放電視機(jī)，如果已經(jīng)放了，那就搬出來吧�！�
G)Hancox的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)還發(fā)現(xiàn)兒童時(shí)期看電視對從大學(xué)畢業(yè)的影響最大。他說：“一項(xiàng)有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，雖然少年時(shí)期看電視很可能會導(dǎo)致沒有畢業(yè)就離開學(xué)校，但是對能否取得學(xué)位影響最大的卻是童年時(shí)期看電視。這表明，在童年時(shí)期，過度看電視會對學(xué)業(yè)造成長期持續(xù)的不利影響。”
H)在第三份報(bào)告中，F(xiàn)rederick J.Zimmerman和來自華盛頓大學(xué)的Dimitri A.Christakis博士認(rèn)為，對于幼兒來說，看電視會導(dǎo)致數(shù)學(xué)、閱讀認(rèn)知和閱讀理解的分?jǐn)?shù)降低。Zimmerman表示“我們研究了孩子在3歲以前和在3到5歲之間看電視所花的時(shí)間的數(shù)量，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)與花許多時(shí)間看電視的孩子相比，小時(shí)候很少看電視的.孩子有相當(dāng)大的優(yōu)勢�！�
J)一位專家認(rèn)為，電視有積極和消極的影響，而這完全取決于孩子所看的內(nèi)容。賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的助理教授Deborah L.Linebarger曾參與編寫一篇補(bǔ)充社論，他認(rèn)為：“內(nèi)容很重要�！�50】教育性的內(nèi)容與入學(xué)須備考試的成績有關(guān)，有助于青少年取得更好的成績，而非教育性的力容則往往導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)成績下降。”
K)另外一位專家Christopher P.Lucas博士也同意這一觀點(diǎn)。他是紐約大學(xué)兒童研究中心幼兒評價(jià)與治療計(jì)劃的臨床協(xié)調(diào)員，他認(rèn)為：“看電視會占據(jù)用于做其他更有用的事情的時(shí)間。電視不一定有害處，但是看電視應(yīng)該適度。為了孩子的健康發(fā)展，看電視要和孩子的其他需求保持平衡。”
L)【53】Lucae認(rèn)為孩子看電視的時(shí)間和內(nèi)容該完全由父母負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督。他說：“看電視的時(shí)間太長，自然就會減少閱讀或做家庭作業(yè)的時(shí)間。關(guān)鍵在于家長要控制孩子看電視的時(shí)間。把電視從臥室里搬出來，要知道孩子觀看的內(nèi)容，限制看電視的時(shí)間�！�
46.According to Borzekowski，childrenhaving chances to use a family computer are likely to acquire better re-suitson the different tests.Borzekowski發(fā)現(xiàn)能接觸使用家用電腦的孩子各項(xiàng)測試成績一般更好。
【解析】 D)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中chancestouseafamily computer可將答案定位于D)段最后一句話。可是Borzekowski又說，可以使用家庭電腦的孩子比家中沒有電腦的孩子更有可能在這些科目的測試中取得更高的分?jǐn)?shù).
47.The reports issued in the Archives ofPediatrics&Adolescents Medicine find that watching too much TV leads topoor perform ancein sch001.《兒科和青春期醫(yī)學(xué)檔案》雜志研究發(fā)現(xiàn)看電視時(shí)間太長會導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)成績差。
【解析】 A)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中the Archives ofPediatrics& Adolescents Medicine可將答案定位于Al段后兩句。目前，有三項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，看電視時(shí)間太長會導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)成績下降，妨礙學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)步，甚至影響在大學(xué)的成績。這三項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告刊載在7月份的《兒科和青春期醫(yī)學(xué)檔案》雜志上。
48.Watching more than three hours of TV before age 3 hasbad effect on kids.
三歲前每天看電視三個(gè)小時(shí)以上會對孩子產(chǎn)生不好的影響。
【解析】I)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中more than threehours of TV before age 3可將答案定位于I)段第三四句話。最糟糕的便是在3歲之前每天看3個(gè)小時(shí)以上的電視。與其他孩子相比，他們會有較大的劣勢。
49.According to the second report，the chance for one to acquire a college degree depends on the amountof his TV watching during childhood.
第二則報(bào)告顯示：一個(gè)人能否獲取大學(xué)學(xué)位取決于他少年期看電視的時(shí)間。
【解析】F)。歸納題。根據(jù)句中the chance for oneto acquire a college degree可將答案定位于F)段。F段整段的中心意思就是少年期看電視越多越不容易獲得大學(xué)學(xué)位，反之亦然。
50.In Deborah L.Lingbarger’s opinion，educational content is helpful for teenagers to get better resultson school readiness tests.Deborah L.Ling barger認(rèn)為(電視上的)教育性內(nèi)容可以幫助青少年在入學(xué)預(yù)備考試中取得更好的成績。
【解析】 J)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中educationalcontent可將答案定位于J)段末句。內(nèi)容很重要。教育性的內(nèi)容與入學(xué)預(yù)備考試的成績有關(guān)，有助于青少年取得更好的成績，而非教育性的內(nèi)容則往往導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)成績下降。
51. environment of family media greatly affectschildren’s test Scorcs according to the first report.
第一則報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)，家庭媒體環(huán)境極大地影響孩子的測試成績。
【解析】C)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中environment offamily media可將答案定位于C)段末句。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)家庭媒體環(huán)境與孩子不同的測驗(yàn)分?jǐn)?shù)的表現(xiàn)有密切的關(guān)系。
52.Borzekowski believes that TV’s negative effect onchildren’s marks may mainly lie in what children watch on TV and how much timethey spend on it.
Borzekowski認(rèn)為電視給孩子的成績帶來負(fù)面影響，原因主要在于其收看內(nèi)容和時(shí)長。
【解析】 E)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中TV’s negativeeffect可將答案定位于E)段，此段整段都在探討電視負(fù)面效應(yīng)的原因。其中一句尤為點(diǎn)題：Borzekowskibelieves that content and the lime the"IV is on maybe the primary reasons for its negative effect.Borzekowski認(rèn)為電視內(nèi)容和觀看的時(shí)間可能是導(dǎo)致電視機(jī)的負(fù)面影響的主要原因。What children watch on TV and how much time they spend on it是.content and the time的同類表述。
53Lucas thinks parents should take the responsibility tosupervise kids’TV watchin. Lucas認(rèn)為父母有責(zé)任監(jiān)督孩子看電視。
【解析】 L)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中parents shouldtake the responsibility可將答案定位于L)段首句。Lucas認(rèn)為孩予看電視的時(shí)間和內(nèi)容應(yīng)該完全由父母負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督。
54.According to therecommendation from American Academy of Peadialrics，children under 2 should watch TV.
美國小兒科協(xié)會建議不要讓兩歲以下孩子看電視。
【解析】 I)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中Amcerican Academyof Peadiatrics和under2可將答案定位于I)段倒數(shù)第二句。Zimmerman表示家長應(yīng)該聽從美國小兒科學(xué)會的建議，不要讓2歲以下的孩子看電視。
55.Hancox thinks earlier childhood TV watching affectsone’s acquiring a college degree most.
Hancox認(rèn)為兒童早期看電視最影響一個(gè)人能否獲取大學(xué)學(xué)位。
【解析】 G)。細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)句中earlier childhood和college degree可將答案定位于G)段第二句。一項(xiàng)有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，雖然少年時(shí)期看電視很可能會導(dǎo)致沒有畢業(yè)就離開學(xué)校，但是對能否取得學(xué)位影響最大的卻是童年時(shí)期看電視。