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語(yǔ)法知識(shí)主謂一致的解析
語(yǔ)法是掌握英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)基礎(chǔ),打好這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)會(huì)使你分析文章更容易,也能夠?qū)懗龊芎玫木涫?小編整理了主謂一致的語(yǔ)法點(diǎn),供大家學(xué)習(xí)參考。
主謂一致
I要點(diǎn)
謂語(yǔ)受主語(yǔ)支配，須和主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這叫做主謂一致，主謂一致包括語(yǔ)法一致、意義上一致和就近一致。
1、語(yǔ)法上一致
(1)、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞，動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，如，To work hard is necessary for a student.
(2)、用and或both……and連接的并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，如，Both he and I are right.
但并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，如, His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.
(3)、主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)時(shí)，盡管后面跟有as well as, but ,except, besides, with ,along with, together with, like等，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)，如，The teacher as well as his students is excited.
(4)、某些不定代詞，如做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，如:Everyone has a book.
(5)、一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如people, cattle, clothes等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)，如，A lot of people are dancing outside.
2、意義上一致
(1)、表時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡等的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)，如，Twenty years is not a long time.
(2)、表示總稱意義的名詞public, police, cattle, clothes等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，如，People are talking about the accident.
(3)、有些集合名詞，如family, team等作主語(yǔ)，如作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，如指其中每個(gè)成員，則用復(fù)數(shù)，如，My family is a big one.
My family are watching TV.
3、鄰近一致
用連詞or, either……or, neither……nor, whether……or, not only…but also,等連接的并列主語(yǔ)，如果一個(gè)是單數(shù)，一個(gè)是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞按就近一致原則，與最靠近它的主語(yǔ)一致，如，Either you or I am mad.
II.例題
例1、The chemical works _______ where my father has worked for thirty years in 1949.
A. was built B. were built C. is built D. are built
解析：該題答案為A。works形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意思上是單數(shù)，因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，類似的還有news, maths, politics, physics.
例2、They each _______ a copy of the new physics.
A. have B. has C. having D. gets
解析：該題答案為A。They each不等于each of …, each of 這個(gè)詞組作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)如each of the students hands in their homework，而they each作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)要隨each前面的詞來(lái)變化。
主謂一致
主謂一致即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上要和主語(yǔ)保持一致。人稱指的是主語(yǔ)作為第一、第二、第三等不同人稱時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的變化；數(shù)指的是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化。
總的來(lái)說(shuō)，主謂一致有以下 3 個(gè)指導(dǎo)原則：
語(yǔ)法一致：主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)也采取單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語(yǔ)必須采取復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
Both teachers have their own merits.
The boy has a cute sister.
意義一致：主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系不取決于語(yǔ)法上的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式，而是取決于主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)意義。例如：
The family are all fond of football.
The family is the tiniest cell of the society.
就近原則：這一原則是指，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)常常與最近作主語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)保持一致。例如：
Not only he but also all his family are keen on music.
Neither his family nor he knows anything about the news.
1.以 s 結(jié)尾的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致問(wèn)題
1)以 s 結(jié)尾的疾病名稱和游戲名稱，這些名詞通常當(dāng)單數(shù)用；
Arthritis is a disease causing pain in the joints of the body.
Darts is essentially an easy game.
注意：個(gè)別表示游戲名稱的名詞作復(fù)數(shù)用，如：
Cards are not allowed at school.2
2)以 s 結(jié)尾的地理名稱，國(guó)名用單數(shù)，群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布等用復(fù)數(shù)；
The United States is a developed country.
The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world.
The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most famous waterfall in the world.
3)以 ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱，通常做單數(shù)用；
Physics is an important subject in middle school.
Maths is the study of numbers.
Tactics is an important study for the soldiers.
4)其他以 s 結(jié)尾的名詞；
a.由兩個(gè)部分組成的物體名稱通常是以 s 結(jié)尾，如 scissors，trousers 等。這一類名詞，通常做復(fù)數(shù)用；帶一把、一條等則做單數(shù)用。
The scissors on your desk are very sharp.
Wendys new trousers are a little bit expensive.
One pair of scissors isnt enough.
How much is this pair of trousers?
b.以 s 結(jié)尾的名詞如： contents、fireworks、goods、stairs 等通常做復(fù)數(shù)。
The contents of this book are fascinating.
The goods provided by this company are the best.3
c.由 ings 結(jié)尾的名詞，如 earrings、diggings、surroundings 等，通常用做復(fù)數(shù)。
Her earrings are the highest in our company.
Maybe your surroundings are starting to affect you.
d.以 s 結(jié)尾的單復(fù)數(shù)同行的名詞，如 headquarters、species、remains 等。隨后動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于這些名詞是用做單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)；
A headquarters needs to be set up in China to direct the operation.
Their headquarters are in Beijing.
A new species of mammal has been found in Hongkong.
There are 450 species of flatfish are known.
The old mans remains lie in the backyard.
Here is the remains of the temple.
2.以集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致問(wèn)題
1)通常做復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞；如：police，cattle，people 等。
The police are looking for him.
People live longer and longer.
2)通常做不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞；如：machinery、equipment、merchandise 等。
The machinery is driven by electricity.
This equipment has saved the lives of a number of new born children.
3)既可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞；如：class、family、 public等。
The family is rich.
My family all like playing football.
4)“a committee of 等+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”通常用做單數(shù)。
A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.
The board of directors is responsible for the management of the firm.
3.以并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致問(wèn)題
1)由 and/both…and 連接的并列主語(yǔ)，通常用做復(fù)數(shù)。
Wendy and Blair are going to HongKong tomorrow.
Both Wendy and Blair have a little sister. 注意：如果做主語(yǔ)的并列結(jié)果表示單數(shù)意義，則動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，如：
Ham and egg is a good breakfast.
2)由 or/either…or/neither nor 等連接的并列主語(yǔ)，隨后的動(dòng)詞形式按就近原則處理。
My two sisters or my brother is likely to be at home.
My brother or my two sisters are likely be at home.
Either her father or her mother calls for her every afternoon.
Either my father or my brothers are coming.
Neither the players nor the coach was overconfident.
Neither the coach nor the players were overconfident.
Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed.
Not only the old wiring but also the switches have been changed.5
3)主語(yǔ)+as much as/rather than/more than 等引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，隨后的動(dòng)詞形式依主語(yǔ)本身的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。
Some of the workers as much as the manager were responsible for the loss.
His brother rather than his parents is to blame.
My wife, more than anyone else in the family, is anxious to go there again.
4)主語(yǔ)+as well as/with/together with/except 等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí)，隨后的動(dòng)詞形式也取決于主語(yǔ)本身的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。
The father, as well as his sons, is going to Beijing tomorrow.
The manager with some workers was working during the summer holiday.
Bill, together with his sisters, was hurt in the accident.
No one except two girls was late for the dinner.
4.以表示數(shù)量概念的名詞詞組作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題
1)以表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語(yǔ)
a.數(shù)量概念被看做一個(gè)整體，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；被看做一個(gè)個(gè)的個(gè)體，則動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；
Three years is too short a time, the senior high school headmaster warned.
There are 3 dollars in each of the stockings.6
b.主語(yǔ)由“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+of +詞組”構(gòu)成，其動(dòng)詞的形式依 of 后
名詞類別而定；
Two thirds of the water is polluted.
Two thirds of the students are boys.
Over sixty percent of the the city was destroyed in the war.
Thirty-five percent of the doctors in Shekou Hospital are women.
c.主語(yǔ)由“one in/one out of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”構(gòu)成，其后動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)；
One in(out of) ten students has failed the exam.
d.加減乘除運(yùn)算一般用單數(shù)，加和乘頁(yè)可用復(fù)數(shù)。
40 minus 15 is 25.
40 divided by 8 is 5.
7 plus 4 is/are 11.
5 times 8 is/are 40.
2)以表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語(yǔ)
a.主語(yǔ)由 most of…，some of…，all of…等構(gòu)成，其后的動(dòng)詞形式依 of 后名詞類別而定；
Most of the money we used today is made of paper.
Most of the teachers are women in our company.
Half of the building was damaged in the explosion.
Half of the students were absent yesterday because of the flu.
b.主語(yǔ)由 lots of, loads of, plenty of 等構(gòu)成，其后的動(dòng)詞形式依 of 后名詞類別而定；
Lots of food is going to be wasted.
Lots of people are waiting outside.
Plenty of sugar is imported from Cuba.
Plenty of apples have been picked from the trees.
c.主語(yǔ)由 a portion of, a series of, a pile of 等構(gòu)成，其后的動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。
Only a portion of your previous working experience is related to teaching.
A series of accidents has been reported.
There is a pile of books on the table.
d.主語(yǔ)由“many/more than one+名詞”等構(gòu)成，其意義雖屬于多
數(shù)，但隨后的動(dòng)詞仍遵循“語(yǔ)法一致”原則，用單數(shù)。
I met him many a time in the bus.
More than one person has been concerned in this affair.
e.主語(yǔ)由“an average of/a majority of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”構(gòu)成，其后的動(dòng)詞形式通常用復(fù)數(shù)。
An average of 10 students are absent each day.
A majority of Taiwanese believe in Buddhism and Taoism.
f.主語(yǔ)由限定詞+kind/type/sort of+名詞等構(gòu)成，分為兩種情況：
�、僭� a kind/type/sort of+名詞，this kind/type/sort of+名詞之后，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
There is a kind of rose, which fills the air with fragrance when May comes.
This kind of man annoys me.
This type of car is old-fashioned.
�、谠� these kinds of+名詞, many/several kinds of+名詞之后，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
There are many kinds of different snake in the mountains.
These kinds of insects are harmful.
These types of car are imported from Japan.
5.其他方面的主謂一致問(wèn)題
1)由 what，who，why 等引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句中，其后動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；
What caused the accident is a mystery.
Whether this will be successful or not is still difficult to
predict. 注意：兩個(gè)由 and 連接的并列名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)表示兩件事情，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery.
2)由不定式和 ing 分詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，隨后的動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)；
To eat well is all he asks;
Playing tennis is a very good exercise.
3)在“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，其后的動(dòng)詞通常按語(yǔ)法一致原則用復(fù)數(shù)。
He is one of my friends who help me a lot.
Maria is one of those people who are always happy. 注意：這類結(jié)構(gòu)之前有定冠詞 the/the only 時(shí)，其后動(dòng)詞依 one 而定用單數(shù)。
Wendy is the only one of those girls who is still insist on running in the morning.
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