考研英語試題-閱讀題型講解
考研英語一直是復(fù)習(xí)的重中之重，而閱讀理解卻是我們在復(fù)習(xí)時最難把握的，因此，只要掌握好了閱讀理解的復(fù)習(xí)思路和做題方法，成功就在咫尺了。
小編把考研閱讀的題目分成以下幾種題型，分別是：例證題、指代題、詞匯題、句子理解題、推理題和主旨題。針對這幾個題型，搜集了近年來一些真題進行解題分析，希望多大家做題有所幫助。
例證題
1、例證題的標(biāo)記：當(dāng)題干中出現(xiàn)example, case, illustrate, illustration, exemplify時。
2、返回原文，找出該例證所在的位置，既給該例子定位。
3、搜索該例證周圍的區(qū)域，90%向上，10%向下，找出該例證支持的觀點。例子周圍具有概括抽象性的表達通常就是它的論點。
例如：【2007年閱讀試題】
Text 1
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to .
[A] stress the importance of professional training
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup
[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others
指代題
1、返回原文，找出出題的`指代詞。
2、向上搜索，找最近的名詞、名詞性短語或句子(先從最近點開始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不會離得太遠(yuǎn))
3、將找到的詞、詞組或句子的意思代入替換該指代詞，看其意思是否通順。
例如：【2013年閱讀試題】
Text 2
In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
27. “The industry” (Para.3) refers to .
[A] online advertisers
[B] e-commerce conductors
[C] digital information analysts
[D] internet browser developers
詞匯題
“搜索代入”法
1、返回原文，找出該詞匯出現(xiàn)的地方
2、確定該詞匯的詞性
3、從上下文(詞匯的前后幾句)中找到與所給詞匯具有相同詞性的詞(如一下子找不到就再往上往下找)，代入所給詞匯在文章中的位置(將之替換)看語義是否合適。
4、找出選項中與代替詞意思相同或相近的選相，即答案。
People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this,they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.
例如：【2006年閱讀試題】
Text 4
37. The word “bummer” (Para.5) most probably means something .
[A] religious
[B] unpleasant
[C] entertaining
[D] commercial
句子理解題
1、返回原文找到原句。
2、對原句進行語法和詞義的精確分析(找主干)，應(yīng)該重點抓原句的字面含義。若該句的字面含義不能確定，則依據(jù)上下文進行判斷。注意：局部含義是由整體決定的。
例如：【2011年閱讀試題】
Text 4
It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I Love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight”.
36. Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring .
[A] temporary delight
[B] enjoyment in progress
[C] happiness in retrospect
[D] lasting reward
推理題
“最近原則”
1、標(biāo)志：learn, infer, imply, inform
2、看是否可以通過題干返回原文或依據(jù)選項返回原文。一般要圍繞文中的一兩個重點進行推理。推理題無論通過題干能不能定位，我們都要把它固化到文章的一兩點上。
3、推理題的最近答案原則：不推的要比推的好，推的近的要比推的遠(yuǎn)的好，直接推出的要比間接推的好。(原文的某句話變個說法)
例如：【2013年閱讀試題】
Text 1
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.
24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
[C] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
[D] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
主旨題
“串線摘帽”
即在自然段少的時候串串線，串線法解不出來時，大帽子、小帽子摘一下。
1、主旨題的標(biāo)志：mainly about, mainly discuss, the best title
2、串線法：抓首段和其余各段的第一句話，把其意思連接成一個整體。要注意總結(jié)性的提示詞和轉(zhuǎn)折詞，特別要注意中心句。(主要針對自然段少的文章;針對自然段多的文章，主旨題最好聯(lián)系中心句。找一個和中心句最貼近的)
例如：【2011年閱讀試題】
Text 3
The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media—such as television commercials and print advertisements—still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media—for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.
The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.
If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.
35. Which of the following is the text mainly about?
[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.
[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.
[C] Dominance of hijacked media.
[D] Popularity of owned media.
通過以上講解，希望同學(xué)們能有所啟發(fā)，并對閱讀理解有一個全面的把握。
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