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1995-考研長(zhǎng)難句

時(shí)間:2022-11-02 17:37:45 考研英語(yǔ) 我要投稿
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1995-2002年考研長(zhǎng)難句24句

英語(yǔ)考研試卷中,閱讀理解和翻譯共有50分,占到了全卷分?jǐn)?shù)的半壁江山。毫不夸張地說(shuō),把這兩部分做好,在英語(yǔ)考試中取得理想的成績(jī)便不再是奢望。那么怎么樣才能做好這一部分的試題呢?關(guān)鍵要通過(guò)大量的練習(xí),增強(qiáng)閱讀英文句子,尤其是其中長(zhǎng)難句的能力。長(zhǎng)難句一般是指結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜難以理解的句子,也有一些其實(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜,但因?yàn)榫渥雍荛L(zhǎng)也很容易讓人困惑。長(zhǎng)難句出現(xiàn)不多,但是常常大大增加我們理解的難度,成為我們獲取高分的攔路虎。
  下面就近八年來(lái)(2003年除外)考研試題中閱讀理解和翻譯中出現(xiàn)的長(zhǎng)難句都列出來(lái),分析它們的結(jié)構(gòu),指出其中的考查難點(diǎn),并對(duì)如何恰當(dāng)翻譯它們給出建議,希望考生朋友能從中得到一些啟發(fā)。

1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
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句子主干]Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…
[
語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]本句是典型的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,難點(diǎn)在其主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)都有較長(zhǎng)的短語(yǔ)和of結(jié)構(gòu)限定,并且分句是由兩個(gè)and相連的3個(gè)部分組成的。分句an element…landowners 又帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,一個(gè)是(which wasrepresenting… ,另一個(gè)是(which was)detached…
可見(jiàn),定語(yǔ)從句的難點(diǎn)在于經(jīng)常省略引導(dǎo)詞+be”的結(jié)構(gòu),從而在理解上容易和分詞結(jié)構(gòu)相混淆。
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句子翻譯] 對(duì)資本和企業(yè)的這種大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱大大增加了股東作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的數(shù)量和重要性。這個(gè)階層作為國(guó)計(jì)民生的一部分,代表了非個(gè)人責(zé)任的財(cái)富與土地及土地所有者應(yīng)盡義務(wù)的分離,而且也幾乎與責(zé)任管理相分離。
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翻譯技巧] 實(shí)際上定語(yǔ)從句并不符合漢語(yǔ)的使用習(xí)慣。所以翻譯時(shí)遇上定語(yǔ)從句,一定不要機(jī)械地按照原來(lái)的順序生搬硬套。像這樣分句較長(zhǎng)的情況,把主句和分句拆為兩句是比較好的方法。所以這里從這個(gè)階層開(kāi)始另起一句。
2
Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders#39; meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
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句子主干]Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who…
[
語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]1)有并列從句。分析句子主干很容易看到這也是一個(gè)典型的定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu),分句由who…,and who…兩個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)組成。注意like并不是謂語(yǔ)而是介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),真正的主句謂語(yǔ)是sprang ofretire on依靠什么而退休(多跟表收入的名詞)。
2
that of drawing dividends 結(jié)構(gòu)中,draw是收取的意思,dividend指紅利,that of sth結(jié)構(gòu)是名詞性的,that of sth相當(dāng)于which is結(jié)構(gòu),目的都是修飾前面的名詞。注意后面還有attending…是省略了which were的定語(yǔ)從句,把of sth結(jié)構(gòu)和定語(yǔ)從句交替使用是英語(yǔ)中長(zhǎng)難句的慣用手法,目的是避免行文的單調(diào),考生朋友們要注意分辨。
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句子翻譯] BournemouthEastboune這樣的城市興起了,大批隱退的享樂(lè)階層人士靠自己的收入,在這里過(guò)著悠閑的生活。他們與群體之外的人沒(méi)有聯(lián)系,只是分取紅利,偶爾參加股東會(huì)議,對(duì)管理人員發(fā)號(hào)施令。
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翻譯技巧]同樣是為了避開(kāi)定語(yǔ)從句,將主句和分句拆為兩句。要注意幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)的理解。
retire on
依靠……退休/have…relation…to……有關(guān)系/up to 達(dá)到……的規(guī)模
3
Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. "
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句子主干]Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…”
[
語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有省略。1like…分句是省略了who 的主語(yǔ)從句中的分句,considering…分句是現(xiàn)在分詞引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。這個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句可以拿到句首,也可以在句尾。一般來(lái)說(shuō)較長(zhǎng)的狀語(yǔ)從句置于句尾,較短的置于句首,為的是使句子看上去顯得簡(jiǎn)潔一些。
2
like分句中出現(xiàn)了比較多的省略,補(bǔ)全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英語(yǔ)中的從句之所以是難點(diǎn)就是因?yàn)榇罅康厥÷砸龑?dǎo)詞。
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句子翻譯]羅博特·富爾頓曾經(jīng)寫(xiě)道,機(jī)械工將坐在杠桿、螺絲、楔、輪子等周圍,像詩(shī)人對(duì)待字母表中的每個(gè)字母一樣,把它們作為自己的思路展示,每一個(gè)新組合都傳送一個(gè)新概念。
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翻譯技巧]如果嚴(yán)格地翻譯,like分句應(yīng)該譯為像對(duì)待字母表中字母的詩(shī)人一樣,原因是這個(gè)從句修飾的是機(jī)械工,應(yīng)該用詩(shī)人來(lái)對(duì)應(yīng),但這樣一來(lái),就不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣了。
4
Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
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句子主干]Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances…
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語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]主語(yǔ)是some of these causes,實(shí)際的主語(yǔ)就是some,不過(guò)謂語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)則取決于of后面的成分是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。being to…是定語(yǔ)從句的分句結(jié)構(gòu),意為屬于。
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句子翻譯]在這些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地來(lái)自社會(huì)需求,另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生的某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。
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翻譯技巧]這個(gè)翻譯比較簡(jiǎn)單,注意being to的翻譯即可。
5
This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
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句子主干]This trend began during …, when…,that…
[
語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]1)有套和從句。這個(gè)句子實(shí)際上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修飾和限定作用。在分析長(zhǎng)難句時(shí)一定要注意找出句子的主干,關(guān)鍵是確定句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ),只有這樣才不會(huì)被眾多的修飾成分所迷惑。
2
When引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾conclusion的定語(yǔ)從句,第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾demands的定語(yǔ)從句,wants前省略了which,是引導(dǎo)的修飾a government的主語(yǔ)從句。
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句子翻譯]這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府下了結(jié)論,認(rèn)為:政府向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無(wú)法詳盡預(yù)見(jiàn)的。
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翻譯技巧]此句中短語(yǔ)較多。
come to the conclusion
形成某種結(jié)論/make of提出/in detail詳細(xì)地
6
This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
[
句子主干]This seems …done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…
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語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]注意not…but句型,意為不是……而是……”
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句子翻譯]給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無(wú)關(guān)但將來(lái)可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研提供支持,看來(lái)通常能有效地解決這一問(wèn)題。
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翻譯技巧]嚴(yán)格說(shuō)來(lái),not…but結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)譯為不是……而是……”,但這樣就顯得羅嗦,所 以譯為……無(wú)關(guān),但(另一些有關(guān))。a amount of數(shù)量達(dá)到……”。be related to……有關(guān)。
7
However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world#39;s more fascination and delightful aspects.
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句子主干]However, the world is so made that…systems are …unable to deal with some of the …aspects
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語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]so made如此構(gòu)成,so和后面的that構(gòu)成so…that結(jié)構(gòu),意為如此……以至于……”。be…(un)able to可以(或不可以)……”
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句子翻譯]然而,世界就是如此。一般而言,完美的體系無(wú)法解決世界上某些更加引人入勝的課題。
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翻譯技巧]be so made that意為構(gòu)成,不符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣,所以譯為就是如此。
in principle
總的說(shuō)來(lái)/deal with應(yīng)付……
8
New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
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句子主干]New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…as they have in the past, giving rise to…
[
語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有并列從句。1)主語(yǔ)較為復(fù)雜,為并列結(jié)構(gòu),分別是new formsnew subjects,中間用as well as連接。
2
as在這里引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)介詞結(jié)構(gòu)(as they have in the past),have的賓語(yǔ)省略了,其內(nèi)容與本句主語(yǔ)一致。
3)giving rise to…
分句為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的從句,省略了which are
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句子翻譯]同過(guò)去一樣,將來(lái)必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象,給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
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翻譯技巧]as well as 和,以及/give rise to……以機(jī)會(huì)