考研英語長難句

　　長難句在考研閱讀、完型填空和翻譯中的出現(xiàn)頻率很高，無論句子有多長、結(jié)構(gòu)有多復(fù)雜，它都由一些基本的成分組成的。從結(jié)構(gòu)來說，英語句子中，除了謂語之外，

　　其它的成分均可以由從句或者非謂語動詞來充當。從句子本身是一個完整的句子，因此，從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列，平行。

　　從功能來說，英語有三大復(fù)合句，即:①名詞性從句，包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句;②形容詞性從句，即我們平常所說的定語從句;③狀語從句。非謂語動詞可以有自己的時態(tài)和語態(tài)(過去分詞除外)，也可以跟自己的邏輯主語、賓語、狀語等成分，構(gòu)成一個非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)。由于非謂語動詞和從句的這些特點，使英語句子從理論上講可以無限延長。

　　英語長句的分析方法：去枝葉，留主干。

　　1、劃出句子中的定語從句和狀語從句;

　　2、劃出所有介詞短語(位于be動詞后的除外);

　　3、名詞性從句看作一個整體,找出句中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞;

　　4、非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)看作一個整體;

　　5、找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語，即句子的主干;

　　6、分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和非謂語動詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　長難句分析的步驟舉例：

　　經(jīng)典例題(2001年考研完型填空第二段)

　　In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will

　　introduce a draft bill

　　that

　　will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly

　　control the amount of publicity

　　that

　　can be given to a case before a trial begins.

　　分析:

　　第一，劃出定語從句和狀語從句

　　: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will

　　strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.

　　第二，劃出介詞短語：

　　In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press

　　第三，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分析:

　　(1)主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主語

　　(Lord Irvine含同位語the Lord Chancellor)+將來時謂語(will introduce)+賓語(a draft bill);

　　(2)

　　that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾draft bill,其中，will propose 是第一個謂語，making payments to witnesses illegal

　　是一個動名詞短語做賓語，在動名詞短語內(nèi)部，payments to witnesses做making的賓語，illegal是賓補;第二個謂語是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的賓語。that can be given to a case before a trial begins是孕含有一個時間狀語從句(before a trial begins)的定語從句，修飾publicity。

　　分割線

　　把分解后的句子讀熟甚至背過，則基本上可以解決考研長難句問題。

　　1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in

　　the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.

　　結(jié)構(gòu)分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true…

　　。since引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。此從句中又套嵌一個由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾the high-energy American fashion。在定語從句中，that做主語，makes做謂語，it做形式賓語，不定式短語to combine few farmers with

　　high yields則是真正的賓語(不定式短語內(nèi)部to combine

　　是主干，few farmers是賓語，with high yields是語)，possible做賓語補足語。this指代前句中提到的這種困境。

　　energy pinch譯為“能源的匱乏”;in…fashion譯為“

　　用…方法、方式”。

　　譯文：

　　這種困境將是確定無疑的，因為能源的匱乏，高能量消耗這種美國耕種方式將很難在農(nóng)業(yè)中繼續(xù)下去，而這種耕種方式使投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。

　　考研英語真題長難句精選

　　2006年閱讀真題經(jīng)典文章：Text2 、Text3

　　Text2

　　1. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Shakespeare's birthplace and the other sights.

　　譯文：另一方則是很大程度上依賴游客而謀生的當?shù)鼐用�，這些游客來到鎮(zhèn)上，不是 為了看戲，而是來參觀安·哈瑟維小屋、莎士比亞出生地及其他景點。

　　2. It's all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.

　　譯文：當你想到為他們提供生計的莎士比亞本人就是個留著胡須、吵吵嚷嚷的演員時，這真是一個極好的諷刺。

　　3. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.

　　譯文：希爾頓酒店正在這里構(gòu)建自己的旅館，你幾乎可以肯定它會配有哈姆雷特漢堡包店、李爾休息室、班柯宴會包間等等，而且價格昂貴。

　　4. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.

　　譯文：他們雖然來自世界各地，看起來卻都很相像——身材消瘦，棱角分明，神情執(zhí)著，穿著牛仔褲和涼鞋，啃著圓面包，躺在劇院外的石板上過夜，等著買20張預(yù)留給露宿者的座位票和80張站票。在上午10點半售票處開門時他們就可以買到這些票。

　　Text3

　　1. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.

　　譯文：這就意味著更高比例的海洋物種正在被捕撈，因此現(xiàn)在和過去之間的真正差異可能比用捕撈規(guī)模變化所記錄的要更糟糕。

　　2. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.

　　譯文：個別的`魚沒有被捕捉，是因為沒有可用來誘惑它們的帶餌的鉤，這導(dǎo)致了過去對魚類資源量的低估。

　　3. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels.

　　譯文：而這很重要，因為理論認為當目標物種的生物量達到原始基數(shù)的50%左右時，從漁場中可以獲得最大的可持續(xù)產(chǎn)量。

　　2007年閱讀真題經(jīng)典文章：Text2、Text4

　　Text2

　　1. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What's the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence?

　　譯文：因此，莎凡(居然能)巧妙回答(智商為100的)普通人提出的諸如"愛與喜歡有何區(qū)別"或"運氣和巧合的本質(zhì)是什么"這類問題，這令人感到有些費解。

　　2. It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.

　　譯文：那些想象物體和計算數(shù)字模式的能力如何滿足了(莎凡)回答那些曾難倒部分最優(yōu)秀詩人和哲學家的問題的需要，這一點難以明確。

　　3. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.

　　譯文：任何熬過"學術(shù)能力評估測試"的人都可以證明，應(yīng)試技能也很重要，比如知道何時應(yīng)該猜測或者什么題目可以略過不答。

　　Text4

　　1. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them - especially in America - the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.

　　譯文：正當老板、董事會總算解決了最為棘手的財務(wù)和規(guī)章問題，并且改善了薄弱的公司管理之際，一個新的問題又威脅著他們——尤其是在美國——置他們于負面頭版頭條新聞中，管理層進而不可避免地受到懲罰。這個問題就是：數(shù)據(jù)不安全。

　　2. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore - and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.

　　譯文：甚至最愚笨的管理人員也必定清楚地知道：信任，這個經(jīng)濟資產(chǎn)中最有價值的東西，很容易遭到破壞而修復(fù)起來代價昂貴;沒有什么比企業(yè)任由個人敏感信息落入別有用心的人手中更能有破壞信任的了。

　　3. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.

　　譯文：與此同時，6月16日美國聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會做出重大決定，通知美國商界如果公司不能充分保障數(shù)據(jù)的安全，那么監(jiān)管機構(gòu)就會采取措施。但是17日披露的美國大約4000萬信用卡賬戶信息失竊案件卻使得上述決定黯然失色。

　　2009年閱讀真題經(jīng)典文章：Text3

　　Text3

　　1. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.

　　譯文：毫無疑問，在這兩個領(lǐng)域取得的進步對于這些貧窮國家以及其他國家的社會、政治、智力發(fā)展都是必不可少的。傳統(tǒng)觀點認為教育應(yīng)成為促進貧困國家經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展首要考慮的因素之一，然而這種觀點是錯誤的。

　　2. We are fortunate that is it, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.

　　譯文：我們很慶幸這種觀點錯了，因為在這些國家建立新的教育體制并通過這種體制培養(yǎng)足夠的人才來提高經(jīng)濟水平需要兩三代人的時間。

　　3. More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.

　　譯文：更近些時候，研究者在調(diào)查房屋建筑業(yè)時發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管建筑業(yè)的工作很復(fù)雜，但是在德克薩斯州休斯敦市的那些不識字、不會說英語的墨西哥工人卻能一直達到勞動生產(chǎn)率最佳實踐標準。

　　2010年閱讀真題經(jīng)典文章：Text2、Text3

　　Text2

　　1. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.

　　譯文：美國聯(lián)邦巡回上訴法院宣稱，它將利用一項特殊案例對商業(yè)方法專利開展廣泛復(fù)審，這一舉措令知識產(chǎn)權(quán)律師們議論紛紛。

　　2. Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.

　　譯文：對商業(yè)方法專利申請的控制是一個突然的180度大轉(zhuǎn)變，因為正是聯(lián)邦巡回法院在1998年被稱為"道富銀行案"的決議中引入了這類專利，當時法庭對一種"匯集各種公有基金資產(chǎn)"的方法授予了專利。

　　3. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.

　　譯文：這項裁決帶來了商業(yè)方法專利申請案卷的激增，起初是新興的網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司試圖對特定類型的在線交易方法占得獨家權(quán)利。

　　4. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should" reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.

　　譯文：聯(lián)邦巡回法院發(fā)布了一項不同尋常的法令，聲明這個案子將由法院的全部12名法官共同聽審，而不是典型的三人聽審團;法令還宣布法院希望評估是否需要"重新考慮"對道富銀行案的判決。

　　Text3

　　1. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them.

　　譯文：營銷人員已經(jīng)采納了這個兩級流動理論，因為該理論表明，他們只需找到有影響力人士就可以為他們完成大部分的工作。

　　2. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.

　　譯文：而根據(jù)兩級流動理論，恰恰是這些不是名人但具有影響力的人，通過直接影響他們的朋友和同事，推動了社會流行潮。

　　3. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.

　　譯文：但是，一種社會流行潮要最終形成，每個受到有影響力影響的人都必須接著影響自己的熟人，繼而這些熟人必須再影響自己的熟人，如此循環(huán)不已;這些人中的每個人能得到多少關(guān)注與最初的有影響力人士并無多大關(guān)系。

　　2012年閱讀真題經(jīng)典文章：Text3

　　Text3

　　1. In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.

　　譯文：在"科學研究如何開展"的理想化模式中，世界真相正等待著以科學的方法開展工作的研究者們?nèi)ビ^察和收集。

　　2. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.

　　譯文：在科學界這個復(fù)雜的社會結(jié)構(gòu)中，研究者做出發(fā)現(xiàn);編輯和評審者控制發(fā)現(xiàn)的發(fā)表過程以扮演看門人的角色;其他科學家則使用這一新發(fā)現(xiàn)來滿足自己需要;最后，公眾(包括其他科學家)接受這個新發(fā)現(xiàn)及其可能隨之而來的技術(shù)。

　　3. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.

　　譯文：在發(fā)現(xiàn)聲明通過科學界的逐級審查之時，與該科技相容或相抗的理念會相互作用、相互對抗，將個體的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榭茖W界的可信發(fā)現(xiàn)。

　　4. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.

　　譯文：不足為奇的是，貌似重要且令人信服的新發(fā)表的發(fā)現(xiàn)聲明和可信發(fā)現(xiàn)總是面對后來研究者的質(zhì)疑、修改、甚至推翻。

　　2013年閱讀真題經(jīng)典文章：Text 2

　　Text 2

　　1. In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?

　　譯文：在過去幾周里，一場爭論說明了這種精細的信息對于廣告商的價值：廣告商是否可以認為用戶愿意被跟蹤并接收行為廣告?還是說廣告商應(yīng)該獲得用戶的明確許可?

　　2. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before.

　　譯文：DNT似乎并不是微軟Windows 8系統(tǒng)的最大賣點，盡管微軟的其他產(chǎn)品在這一方面優(yōu)于谷歌。

　　2014年閱讀真題經(jīng)典文章：Text4

　　Text4

　　1. The Heart of the Matter," the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.

　　譯文：美國人文與科學院(AAAS)剛剛發(fā)布的研究報告《問題的核心》值得稱贊，因為其肯定了人文學科和社會科學對鞏固和繁榮美國自由民主的重要性。

　　2. In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education."

　　譯文：2010年，美國國會的重要民主黨人和共和黨人向美國人文與科學院致信，要求其制定可以被"聯(lián)邦、州和地方政府，大學，機構(gòu)，教育工作者，個人捐助者及其他人"采納的措施，以"使國家在人文學科和社會學科的學術(shù)研究及教育方面繼續(xù)保持卓越的地位"。

　　3. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.

　　譯文：為了激勵創(chuàng)新和競爭，該報告呼吁增加科研收入，精心設(shè)計調(diào)理清晰的課程，以提高學生在21世紀解決問題的能力和有效溝通的能力，呼吁增加對教師的投入，鼓勵學者應(yīng)用他們的研究來應(yīng)對如今的巨大挑戰(zhàn)。

　　2015年閱讀真題經(jīng)典文章：Text2、Text4

　　Text2

　　1. California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.

　　譯文：之前的設(shè)想是當局在逮捕嫌犯時可以搜查其財物，而加州請求大法官要避免做出全面性的裁決，尤其不能推翻之前的設(shè)想。

　　2. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending.

　　譯文：當面對嚴重的、緊急的情況時，他們甚至還可以不受第四條修正案保護條款的約束，并且他們在搜查令還未獲準的情況下，也能采取合理的措施以確保手機里的數(shù)據(jù)不被刪改。

　　Text4

　　1. This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,she thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .

　　譯文：她認為，同樣道德目的的缺失傷害到了像新聞國際這樣的公司，使其更有可能像過去一樣因大范圍非法竊聽電話而迷失方向。

　　2. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived.

　　譯文：其中讓人吃驚的真相之一是麗貝卡·布魯克斯竟然對于發(fā)生在她新聞工作室的事情知之甚少，她竟然幾乎未加以過問，實際上她從不詢問這些新聞報道的來源。

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