正式文體與非考研英語的區(qū)別是什么
老師在批改學生作文時,普遍有一種感覺:學生的作文大多用詞簡單、結(jié)構(gòu)松散,從語體角度分析,正式程度都較低,呈口語化的傾向。很多同學在寫作時都忽略了大作文對正式文體的要求。正式文體與非正式文體的區(qū)別表現(xiàn)在用詞、語法上。
以20xx年的大作文為例,該作文為圖畫作文,圖畫是一張蜘蛛網(wǎng)上有很多人上網(wǎng)。圖畫中的中文提示詞為:互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的“遠與近”,題目給出的要求是考生簡要描述圖畫,闡明其含義,并發(fā)表評論。下面特意選擇了考生大作文中普遍存在的'非正式用語,并給出相應(yīng)的正式用語進行比較。
兩種文體在語言特征上的主要差異首先表現(xiàn)在用詞上,體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面:
1. 正式文體常使用正式用語,非正式文體則常使用非正式用語,這兩類不同的用語是在長期的使用過程中被約定俗成地固定下來的。比如以下非正式用語一欄中的詞匯在考生大作文中普遍存在,可修改為右欄正式用語中的表達:
非正式用語 | 正式用語 |
crime | offense |
people | individuals |
cutdown | reduce |
serious | severe/grave |
harm | damage(ordestroy/undermine/jeopardise) |
job | position |
具體而言,源于法語、拉丁語、希臘語的詞語多用于正式文體;源于古英語的詞語則多用于非正式文體。試比較:
We should investigate the root cause of the problem.
We should look into the root cause of the problem.
Investigate源于拉丁語,屬正式文體用語,而look into是古英語詞匯成分,屬非正式文體用語。
2. 現(xiàn)代英語中的縮略詞及縮約詞多用于非正式文體,其相應(yīng)的非縮略或非縮約形式則常出現(xiàn)在正式文體中。很多考生都忽略了這一區(qū)別,以下非正式用語欄中的表達都是從考生大作文中選出的,可修改為右欄正式用語中的表達。
縮略詞 | 正式用語 | 縮約詞 | 正式用語 |
ad | advertisement | shouldn’t | shouldnot |
phone | telephone | won’t | willnot |
TV | television | there’s | thereis |
e.g。 | forexample | don’t | donot |
paper | newspaper | I’ve | Ihave |
PC | personalcomputer | they’re | theyare |
Informl: People can’t put up with the alienation brought by the Internet.3. 很多考生使用了很多短語動詞,而這正是非正式文體的一大特征,正式文體則常用與之同義的單個動詞。試比較:
Formal: Individuals cannot tolerate the alienation brought by the Internet.
Informal: In this day and age, many people can make use of the Internet via computers or mobile phones.
Formal: In this day and age, many individuals can utilise the Internet via computers or mobile phones.
兩種文體在語言特征上的第二類主要差異體現(xiàn)在語法上,具體包括以下幾個方面:
1. 在構(gòu)成比較句型時,很多考生選擇使用了人稱代詞的賓格形式,其實使用人稱代詞的主格形式要顯得更正式些。
Informal: He spent more time playing computer games than me.
Formal: He spent more time playing computer games than I.
2. 在表達“讓步”概念時,很多考生選擇使用的but, anyway, all the same, though, although等為非正式文體常用詞語表達。正式文體則常使用yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of (despite), notwithstanding等詞語,
Informal: He tried to overcome his addiction to the Internet, but he failed.
Formal: He endeavoured to overcome his addiction to the Internet; however, it turned out to be a failure.
3. 在構(gòu)成“方式狀語”時,很多考生偏愛使用副詞,而這正是非正式文體常用的表達方式,正式文體則常用介詞和與該副詞同根的詞構(gòu)成的介詞短語:
Informal: It’s very important to….
Formal: It is of great importance to….
4. 在表達“原因”、“后果”等概念時,很多考生由于水平所限,總是使用非正式文體常用的so, because或其他形式的表示原因的從句,正式文體則常用 on account of, accordingly, thus, hence, consequently, owing to (the fact that…)等詞或詞組,且比較經(jīng)常地運用分詞短語、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等。
Informal: Since computers had proliferated, many people become addicted to the Internet.
Formal: Computers having proliferated, many people become addicted to the Internet.
5. 在構(gòu)成表示“目的”的狀語時,很多考生使用具有非正式文體色彩的so as to;其實,用in order that引導的目的狀語從句常出現(xiàn)于正式文體中:
Informal: We should do more outdoor activities so as to enrich our life.
Formal: We should do more outdoor activities in order that our life gets enriched.
6. 很多考生不會使用由引導詞it引導的句子(如it is said that…),實際上,這一結(jié)構(gòu)多見于正式文體,不用這一結(jié)構(gòu)而表達同一意義的句子多見于非正式文體:
Informal: The number of students in the classroom has been going down.
Formal: It has been noted with concern that the number of students attending class has been declining alarmingly.
7. 很多考生省略關(guān)系代詞、連詞、介詞,這些情況多見于非正式文體。
Informal: He flunked many courses. He had been expelled from the college.
Formal: He flunked so many courses that he had been expelled from the college.
Informal: He dealt with the problem the way his classmates does.
Formal: He dealt with the problem in the way his classmates does.
Informal: We should prevent it going from bad to worse.
Formal: We should prevent it from going from bad to worse.
8. 在表達“請求某人做某事時”,很多考生選擇使用具有非正式文體色彩的主動語態(tài)句式,而沒有使用具有正式文體色彩的被動語態(tài)句式。
Informal: Please communicate more with your friends and family.
Formal: More communication with your friends and family is needed.
9. 很多考生未能正確使用某些不定代詞、動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),不太注意句子的主謂一致,未能體現(xiàn)文章的正式文體風。
Informal: Everybody should look after themselves.
Formal: Everybody should look after himself.
Informal: Everyone should do their best.
Formal: Everyone should do his best.
Informal: I’m not surprised at him failing the course.Formal: I am not surprised at his failing the course.
考生應(yīng)該在注意把握信息點,注意信件的種類(即正式文體和非正式文體)。如果應(yīng)用文考題是寫給公司單位就要采用正式文體,如果考題是給朋友的話,就應(yīng)當用非正式的普通用語考研英語閱讀材料。對于正式文體,我們可以背誦有關(guān)投訴信,詢問信,請求信,道歉信,感謝信,建議信,求職信,辭職信,邀請信的一些慣用表達。而非正式文體我們同樣要注意詞句方面不要寫錯,要準確多樣。
【正式文體與非考研英語的區(qū)別是什么】相關(guān)文章:
關(guān)于考研英語一與英語二完形填空的區(qū)別與分析03-12
考研英語一與英語二的三點區(qū)別03-11
考研英語語法的范圍是什么02-26
考研英語突破80的妙招是什么04-16
2006考研英語的難與不難03-02
考研英語各題型常見規(guī)律是什么04-07