考研英語語法大全
冠詞(article)
一、單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前必須加冠詞,a(an)表示泛指或類指,the表示特指或類指。
例句: washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the revolutionary war, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. (選自2016年text 4)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主句是washington overcame the strong opposition..., who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句修飾washington,該句中又有一個that引導(dǎo)的從句作believe的賓語。
譯文: 在美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭期間目睹了黑人士兵的勇敢之后,華盛頓才開始認(rèn)為人生來平等。他克服了親人的強(qiáng)烈反對,在遺囑中給自己的奴隸們自由。
例句: while the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (選自2016年part c)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中supplied to them by lawyers作定語修飾interpretations,undue reliance意為“過分依賴”。
譯文: 雖然法律報道的'質(zhì)量各不相同,但是許多新聞記者都過分依賴律師提供給他們的解釋。
二、定冠詞the的用法
在下述幾種情況下須用定冠詞the:表示世界上獨一無二的名詞,用在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或某些形容詞前代表一類人或事物,用在形容詞、副詞最高級和序數(shù)詞和only之前。樂器名稱前要加定冠詞the。
如:
the sun the moon the universe the camel
the blind the largest island the only student the piano
例句: the universe works in a way so far removed from what common sense would allow that words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it. (1998年第19題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,what common sense would allow...作介詞from的賓語從句,該句中還包含一個so...that...從句。
譯文: 宇宙運行的方式與常識所允許的構(gòu)思相距甚遠(yuǎn),因此任何一種語言也必然不足以把它解釋清楚。
例句: but somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, as we went from wordsworth?s daffodils to baudelaire?s flowers of evil. (選自2016年text 4)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干結(jié)構(gòu)是more artists began seeing happiness as..., 而as we went from wordsworth?s daffodils to baudelaire?s flowers of evil是一個狀語從句。
譯文: 但是從19世紀(jì)的某個時候開始,當(dāng)我們從華茲華斯的《水仙花》轉(zhuǎn)向波德萊爾的《惡之花》時,越來越多的藝術(shù)家開始把快樂看做是毫無意義的、虛假的甚至是令人厭倦的東西。
三、人名、地名等專有名詞
人名、地名等專有名詞前一般不用冠詞,但在海洋、河流、山脈、群島以及含有普通名詞的專有名詞前一般加定冠詞。
如:
the atlantic ocean (大西洋)
the red sea (紅海)
the society for anglo chinese understanding (英中了解協(xié)會)
the special economic zone (經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū))
例句: the four special economic zones(sezs) in guangdong and fujian provinces, 14 coastal cities and hainan island have specifically designed tax and other incentives for the foreign investor. (選自far eastern economic review)
分析: 該句是簡單句。
譯文: 廣東與福建兩省的四個經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)、14個沿海開放城市及海南島都有專門為外國投資者制定的稅收及其他鼓勵投資政策。
譯文: 和吸煙的問題一樣,四面八方傳來的聲音堅持認(rèn)為有關(guān)全球變暖的科學(xué)說法不全面,在不確定之前,向大氣中排放廢氣沒什么大不了的。
(七)in,with,of
在描述人時:in表示衣著;with表示攜帶某物或生理特征或某種品質(zhì);of表示性格特征或年齡。如:be in green/a man of wisdom(a lady of virtue) /a girl of 18/a child with a big head。
例句: the mayor is a woman with great integrity and therefore deserves our political and financial support. (2016年第35題)
分析: 該句是簡單句,is和deserves是兩個并列謂語動詞;介詞短語with great integrity修飾a woman。
譯文: 這位市長是個非常正直的女性,因而值得我們在政治上和經(jīng)濟(jì)上給予幫助。
注意: with和of表示屬性、特征時,of后通常接抽象名詞;with后常接具體名詞。
六、小品詞短語
當(dāng)一個介詞后無賓語時,它的詞性就轉(zhuǎn)化成副詞,稱為小品詞(particle)。試比較:
we live in the same building.
come in,please!
the soldiers sat around the table.
he looked around, but to his surprise, he saw his father coming to this way.
例句: yet much had happened between. (選自2016年use of english)
分析: 該句是簡單句。between為小品詞,意為“(……時間)之間”。
譯文: 在此(段時間)之間發(fā)生了很多事。
例句: as i?ll be away for at least a year, i?d appreciate hearing from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. (2016年第1題)
分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。主句中謂語動詞appreciate后接動名詞hearing和telling作其賓語,介詞along后無賓語,所以稱為小品詞。從句how everyone is getting along作tell 的間接賓語。
譯文: 由于我至少有一年的時間不在這里,如果你能時常來信告訴我每個人的生活情況,我將不勝感激。
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