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成人高考:句子成分和從句
一、句子成分
(一)句子成分的定義:構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ);次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。
(二)主語(yǔ):主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體,一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句(當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑問詞時(shí))和倒裝句中,主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例如:
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.(名詞)
We often speak English in class.(代詞)
One-third of the students in this class are girls.(數(shù)詞)
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)
Smoking does harm to the health.(動(dòng)名詞)
The rich should help the poor.(名詞化的形容詞)
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.(主語(yǔ)從句)
It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式)
(三)謂語(yǔ):謂語(yǔ)說明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ),一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下:
1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ):由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如:He practices running every morning.
2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ):(1)由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如:You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2)由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如:We are students.
。ㄋ模┍碚Z(yǔ):表語(yǔ)用以說明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài),它一般位于系動(dòng)詞(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句表示。例如:
Our teacher of English is an American.(名詞)
Is it yours?(代詞)
The weather has turned cold.(形容詞)
The speech is exciting.(分詞)
Three times seven is twenty one?(數(shù)詞)
。ㄎ澹┵e語(yǔ)object:賓語(yǔ)表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或內(nèi)容。介詞后面的名詞或代詞叫做介詞賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)通常由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞或與之相當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)但任,位置在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞之后。
如:Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow? 你明天早點(diǎn)來(lái)行嗎?(動(dòng)名詞)
。┭a(bǔ)語(yǔ)complement:補(bǔ)語(yǔ)用于補(bǔ)充說明主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。補(bǔ)語(yǔ)通常由形容詞、名詞或其他相當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任。補(bǔ)語(yǔ)分為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):
如:The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.醫(yī)生建議她臥床休息一周。(動(dòng)詞不定式)
They saw her walking into the bookstore.他們看見她進(jìn)了書店了。(分詞)
You should put your books in order.你應(yīng)該把書擺整齊。(介詞短語(yǔ))
主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):含有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),原賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
如:we found him working in the office.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他正在辦公室工作。
(七)定語(yǔ)attributive:定語(yǔ)用于限定或修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞或與之相當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任。單詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾語(yǔ)的前面,短語(yǔ)或從句作定語(yǔ)放在被修飾語(yǔ)的后面。
如:The girl playing the violin is a freshman.拉小提琴的那個(gè)女孩是一年級(jí)學(xué)生。(分詞短語(yǔ))
。ò耍钫Z(yǔ)adverbial:狀語(yǔ)用于修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子。狀語(yǔ)通常由副詞或與之相當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任。
He is leaving for Shanghai the day after tomorrow.他后天動(dòng)身去上海。(名詞短語(yǔ))
。ň牛┩徽Z(yǔ)appositive:同位語(yǔ)位于名詞或名詞性短語(yǔ)之后,說明其內(nèi)容。同位語(yǔ)通常由名詞、名詞性短語(yǔ)或從句擔(dān)任。
The future belongs to you young people.未來(lái)是屬于你們年輕人的。(名詞)
2.英文句子構(gòu)成:主語(yǔ)部分+謂語(yǔ)部分
英語(yǔ)中的句子有長(zhǎng)有短,有簡(jiǎn)有繁,表面上看,似乎千變?nèi)f化,但是從本質(zhì)上來(lái)說,都可以把英語(yǔ)中的完整的句子分為兩部分。即主語(yǔ)部分和謂語(yǔ)部分。主語(yǔ)部分以代詞、名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng),來(lái)表明我們要陳述的對(duì)象。而在主語(yǔ)之后的動(dòng)詞及其后面的部分,都是用來(lái)說明主語(yǔ)做什么,或者描述主語(yǔ)的狀況。這就是陳述的內(nèi)容,即謂語(yǔ)部分。
如:The moon rose slowly.月亮慢慢升起來(lái)了。
主語(yǔ)部分 謂語(yǔ)部分
He neither speaks English, nor understands it.他既不會(huì)講英語(yǔ),也聽不懂英語(yǔ)。
主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)部分
因此在寫英文句子的時(shí)候,通常要有主語(yǔ),還要寫出謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,既要有陳述對(duì)象,又要有陳述內(nèi)容,這樣才能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思。
3.五種基本句型
1)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(+狀語(yǔ))
此句型特點(diǎn):既然該句型中動(dòng)詞后面沒有賓語(yǔ),所以用于這個(gè)句型的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該是不及物動(dòng)詞。
如:The sun rises and the sun sets.日升日落。
The fire is burning.火在燃燒。
The children are playing.小孩子正在玩耍。
這種句型的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后往往帶有狀語(yǔ):
如:He works hard.他工作很勤奮。
The sun sets in the west.太陽(yáng)從西面落下。
2)主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)
所謂系動(dòng)詞,又叫連系動(dòng)詞。即這種動(dòng)詞并沒有具體的動(dòng)作,只是起連接主語(yǔ)和后邊的成分的作用。
如:He looks unhappy.他好像不高興。
Bread is the staff of life.民以食為天。
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.情人眼里出西施。
注:在英語(yǔ)中,除了be動(dòng)詞以外,還有以下系動(dòng)詞:
a) 表示主語(yǔ)的特征、狀態(tài)的:look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear, feel等
如:The iron feels hot.這鐵摸起來(lái)很燙
The rose doesn’t smell much.這玫瑰花聞起來(lái)不是很香。
b) 表示主語(yǔ)由一種狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪环N狀態(tài)的:become, grow, get, turn, go, fall, come等。(這些系動(dòng)詞和形容詞連用,一般是句由固定的搭配關(guān)系)
如:Our supplies of sugar and rice fell short.我們的糖、米供應(yīng)不足。
Hope your dreams will come true.希望你好夢(mèng)成真。
The leaf will turn yellow in autumn.樹葉秋天會(huì)變成黃色。
go hungry 挨餓 go sour變酸 go wrong出錯(cuò)
fall asleep睡著 fall due到期
c)表示主語(yǔ)保持某種狀態(tài)的:continue, remain, stay, keep, hold, rest, prove等
如:The weather continued fine for several days.那幾天,天氣一直晴朗。
He held silent for the whole day.他一整天都沉默不語(yǔ)。
He has fallen into the habit of doing morning exercises to stay healthy.為了保持身體健康,他養(yǎng)成了晨練的習(xí)慣。
定語(yǔ)從句
。ㄒ唬┒ㄕZ(yǔ)從句一般由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)
1、關(guān)系代詞:who, whom, whose, which, that, as
2、關(guān)系副詞:when, where, why
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞必須位于從句之首,主句先行詞之后,起著連接先行詞和從句的作用, 同時(shí)在從句中又充當(dāng)句子成分。
e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.(關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語(yǔ))
The comrade with whom I came knows French.(whom在從句中作介詞with的賓語(yǔ))
3、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法:
1)當(dāng)先行詞為人時(shí)用who 作主語(yǔ),whom作賓語(yǔ);
2)當(dāng)先行詞為物或整個(gè)句子時(shí)用which ,可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ);
3)先行詞為人、物時(shí)用that ,可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ);
4)whose用作定語(yǔ),可指人或物;
5)關(guān)系副詞when(指時(shí)間,在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),where(指地點(diǎn),在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)),why(指原因,在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ))。
(二)限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1、限制性定語(yǔ)從句:從句與主句關(guān)系密切,去掉從句,主句意義不完整,甚至不合邏輯。
e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定語(yǔ)從句,意思就不完整)
2、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句:從句對(duì)先行詞關(guān)系不密切,去掉定從句,意思仍然完整。形式上用逗號(hào)隔開,不能that用引導(dǎo)。
e.g. Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,整個(gè)句子可分成兩句來(lái)翻譯)
。ㄈ┦褂枚ㄕZ(yǔ)從句時(shí)特別注意的幾個(gè)問題
1、that與which的區(qū)別。
1)用that而不用 which的情況:
①先行詞為不定代詞all, anything, nothing, …;
、谙刃性~有最高級(jí)修飾,有序數(shù)詞修飾;
、巯刃性~有only, very, any等詞修飾;
、芟刃性~既有人又有物時(shí)。
e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 沒有什么能阻止他不干那件事。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他們所參觀的第一個(gè)地方是象鼻山。
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這部電影是我看過的最好的一部。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他認(rèn)識(shí)的唯一的外國(guó)人。
2)用which而不用 that的情況:
、僖龑(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句;
②代表整個(gè)主句的意思;
、劢樵~ + 關(guān)系代詞。
e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他數(shù)學(xué)考試沒有及格,這使他的父親很生氣。
This is the room in which my father lived last year. 這是父親去年居住過的房子。
3)as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的用法
、賏s引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常用于the same … as, such … as結(jié)構(gòu)中。
e.g. I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一樣的襯衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我們車間使用的這種機(jī)器是中國(guó)制造的。
、赼s引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子。通常用下列句型:as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。
e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所預(yù)料的那樣,他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。
3)as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)與which的區(qū)別
①當(dāng)主句和從句語(yǔ)義一致時(shí),用as;反之,用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.
He made a long speech, which was unexpected.
、诋(dāng)非限制定語(yǔ)從句為否定時(shí),常用which引導(dǎo)。
e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.
2. 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單數(shù)還是用復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)由先行詞決定。
e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在樓下的那個(gè)人英語(yǔ)說得很流利。
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
3.定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)不直接緊靠先行詞,中間由一個(gè)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)隔開。
e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.
4.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞有時(shí)可以用“介詞 + which”來(lái)代替。
e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the People’s Republic of China was founded.
5.當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是帶介詞或副詞的固定短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí),短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的各個(gè)固定部分不要拆開。
e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.
6.介詞在關(guān)系代詞前,只能用which和whom,且不能省略;介詞在句尾,關(guān)系代詞可有which, that, whom, 口語(yǔ)中也可用who,且可省略。
e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.
★Is this factory ________ you visited last Friday?
A.which
B.where
C.the one
D.there
句子的主語(yǔ)為this factory, this是定語(yǔ),要填空的是表語(yǔ),作表語(yǔ)的應(yīng)該是名詞、代詞或形容詞,所以C項(xiàng)是正確答案。
★--What do you think made Mary so upset?
--____her new bicycle.
A.As she lost
B.Lost
C.Losing
D.Because of losing
分析:答案是C。本題的考點(diǎn)為簡(jiǎn)單句:--her new bicycle made her so upset.命題者將該句略為省略句,將made Mary so upset在答語(yǔ)中省略但在問句中體現(xiàn)。經(jīng)過分析不難發(fā)現(xiàn),問題問的是“What”,“what”在句中為主語(yǔ),回答也應(yīng)該是該空格應(yīng)填主語(yǔ),應(yīng)由動(dòng)名詞擔(dān)當(dāng)。
★The country life he was used to ______ greatly since 1992.
。2005山東卷)
A.change
B.has changed
C.changing
D.have changed
分析:答案是B。分析語(yǔ)境和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,he was used to為定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞the country life。此空格應(yīng)填謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞而不是be used to的賓語(yǔ)。Since 1992為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志,因此該空格應(yīng)填has changed。考生易受he was used to的影響而誤選C。
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