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最新職稱英語學習資料(閱讀理解講義)3
PASSAGE 19
Characteristics of Publicity
?Publicity offers several benefits. There are not costs for message time or space. An ad in prime-time television may cost $250,000 to $5000,000 or more per minute, whereas a five-minute report on a network newscast would not cost anything. However, there are costs for news releases, a publicity department, and other items. As with advertising, publicity reaches a mass audience. Within a short time, new products or company policies are widely known.
Credibility about messages is high, because they are reported in independent media. A newspaper review of a movie has more believability than an ad in the same paper, because the reader associates independence with objectivity. Similarly, people are more likely to pay attention to news reports than to ads. For example, Women#39;s Wear Daily has both fashion reports and advertisements. Readers spend time reading the stories, but they flip through the ads. Furthermore, there may be 10 commercials during a half-hour television program or hundreds of ads in a magazine. Feature stories are much fewer in number and stand out clearly.
Publicity also has some significant limitations. A firm has little control over messages, their timing, their placement, or their coverage by a given medium. It may issue detailed news releases and find only portions cited by the media, and media have the ability to be much more critical than a company would like.
For example, in 1982, Procter & Gamble faced a substantial publicity problem over the meaning of its 123-year-old company logo. A few ministers and other private citizens believed resulted in the firm receiving 15,000 phone calls about the rumor in June alone. To combat this negative publicity, the firm issued news releases featuring prominent clergy that refuted the rumors, threatened to sue those people spreading the stories, and had a spokesperson appear on Good Morning America. The media cooperated with the company and the false rumors were temporarily put to rest. However, in 1985, negative publicity became so disruptive that Procter & Gamble decided to remove the logo from its-products.
A firm may want publicity during certain periods, such as when a new product is introduced or new store opened, but the media may not cover the introduction or opening until after the time it would aid the firm. Similarly, media determine the placement of a story; it may follow a report on crime or sports. Finally, the media ascertain whether to cover a story at all and the amount of coverage to be devoted to it. A company-sponsored fobs program might go unreported or receive three-sentence coverage in a local newspaper.
練習：
1. The author mentions all of the following advantages of publicity except
A) Having no time costs.
B) Having attentiveness.
C) Having high credibility.
D) Having high profitability.
2. the second paragraph indicates that people are more likely to believe stories
A) in a newspaper than in a women#39;s daily.
B) In a newspaper than in a magazine.
C) In an independent newspaper than in a dependent newspaper.
D) In a magazine than in a local newspaper.
3. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
A) A firm can control and time publicity accurately.
B) A firm can neither control nor time publicity accurately.
C) A firm can either control or time publicity accurately.
D) In most cases a firm can control and time publicity accurately.
4. The example in Paragraph 4 is intended to demonstrate
A) the power of publicity.
B) the victim of publicity.
C) the terrible effect of rumors.
D) the vulnerability of people to publicity.
5. The passage implies that
A) the placement of a story is not quite important.
B) the report of a crime may not be true.
C) local newspapers are not interested in company-sponsored programs.
D) publicity is not always necessary.
Keys：DCBAD
PASSAGE 20
Rockets in the Sky
?If someone asked you, "What color is the sky?" I expect that you would answer, "Blue." I am afraid that you would be wrong. The sky has no color. When we see blue, we are looking at blue sunlight. The sunlight is shining on little bits of dust in the air.
We know that there is air all around the world. We could not breathe without air. Airplanes could not fly without air. They need air to lift their wings. Airplanes cannot fly very high because as they go higher the air gets thinner. If we go far enough away from the earth, we find there is no air.
What is the sky? The sky is space. In this space there is nothing except the sun, the moon and all the stars.
Scientists have always wanted to know more about the other worlds in the space. They have looked at them through telescopes and in this way they have found out a great deal.
The moon is about 384,000 kilometers away from the earth. An airplane cannot fly to the that can fly even when there is no air. This is rocket.
I am sure that you are asking, "How does a rocket fly?" if you want to know, get a balloon and then blow it up until it is quite big. Do not tie up the neck o f the balloon. Let go! The balloon will fly off through the air very quickly. The air inside the balloon tries to get out. It rushes out through neck of the balloon and this pushes the balloon through the air. It does not need wings like an airplane.
This is how a rocket works. It is not made of rubber like a balloon, of course. It is made of metal. The metal must not be heavy but it must be very strong. There is gas inside the rocket which is made very hot. When it rushes out of the end of the rocket, the rocket is pushed up into the air.
Rockets can fly fat out into space. Rockets with men inside them have already reached the moon. Several rockets, without men inside them, have been sent to other worlds much farther away. One day rockets may be able to go anywhere in the space.
練習：
1. What color is the sky?
A) It is blue.
B) It is white.
C) It is grey.
D) It has no color.
2. When an airplane flies too high,
A) the air will be too thin to support its wings.
B) the air will become thicker.
C) the air will exert pressure on it.
D) the air will disappear in no time.
3. A rocket can fly to the moon because
A) it looks like a balloon.
B) it is much lighter than an airplane.
C) it doesn#39;t have wings.
D) it works like an untied balloon.
4. Which of the following statements about a rocket is NOT true?
A) It can fly when there is no air.
B) It can fly without wings.
C) It is made of strong metal.
D) It is propelled by burning gas inside it.
5. A rocket is pushed up into the air when
A) hot gas rushes out of its head.
B) it is powered by gas.
C) hot gas rushes out of its bottom.
D) hot gas rushes out of its neck.
Keys:DADDC
PASSAGE 21
Adaptation of Living Things
?Certain animals and plants develop characteristics that help them cope with their environment better than others of their kind. This natural biological process is called adaptation. Among the superior characteristics developed through adaptation are those that may help in getting food or shelter, in providing protection, and in producing and protecting the young. That results in the evolution of more and more organisms that are better fitted to their environments.
Each living thing is adapted to its way of life in a general way, but each is adapted especially to its own distinct class. A plant, for example, depends upon its roots to fix itself firmly and to absorb water and inorganic chemicals. It depends upon its green leaves for using the sun#39;s energy to make food from inorganic chemicals. These are general adaptations, common to most plants. In addition, there are special adaptations that only certain kinds of plants have.
Many animals have adaptations that help them escape from their enemies. Some insects are hidden by their body color or shape, and many look like a leaf or a little branch. The coats of deer are colored to mix with the surroundings. Many animals have the ability to remain completely still when an enemy is near.
Organisms have a great variety of ways of adapting. They may adapt in their structure, function, and genetics; in their development and production of the young; and in other respects. An organism may create its own environment, as do warm-blooded mammals, which have the ability to adjust body heat exactly to maintain their ideal temperature despite changing weather. Usually adaptations are an advantage, but sometimes an organism is so well adapted to a particular environment that if conditions change, it finds it difficult or impossible to readapt to the new conditions.
1. Some plants and animals develop superior characteristics so that they may
A) help others of their kind get food, shelter and other things needed.
B) survive even in extremely severe conditions.
C) become better adapted to the environments than others of their kind.
D) result in the evolution and production of more intelligent organisms.
2. In the first paragraph, the word "environments" could best be replaced by
A) contexts.
B) surroundings.
C) neighbors.
D) Enemies.
3. It can be inferred from this passage that the feathers of a bird are colored
A) to frighten its enemies.
B) to attract its enemies.
C) to adjust its body heat.
D) to match its environment
4. Which of the following is not directly mentioned in the passage?
A) A living thing way adapt in its structure.
B) An organism may adapt in its function.
C) A living creature may adapt in its genetic makeup.
D) A living organism may adapt in its sleeping habit.
5. The author cites the behavior of warm-blooded mammals in order to that a living thing may have the ability
A) to create an environment of its own.
B) to remain still when an enemy is near.
C) to make food from inorganic chemicals.
D) to change the color of its skin.
KEYS:CBDDA
PASSAGE 22
Early or Later Day Care
?The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive "attachment" period from birth to three may scar a child#39;s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby#39;s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.
Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone - far from it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children#39;s development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.
But Bowlby#39;s analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.
練習：
1. Which of the following statements would Bowlby support?
A) Statistical studies should be carried out to assess the positive effect of day care for children at the age of three or older.
B) Early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.
C) The first three years of one#39;s life is extremely important to the later development of personality.
D) Children under three get used to the life at nursery schools more readily than children over three.
2. Which of the following is derivable from Bowlby#39;s work?
A) mothers should not send their children to day care centers until they are three years or older.
B) Day care nurseries have positive effects on a child#39;s development.
C) A child sent to a day care center before the age of three may have emotional problems in later life.
D) Day care would not be so popular if it has noticeable effects on a child#39;s personality.
3. It is suggested that modern societies differ from traditional societies in that
A) the parents-child relationship is more exclusive in modern societies.
B) a child more often grows up with his/her brothers or sisters in traditional societies.
C) mother brings up children with the help of her husband in traditional societies.
D) children in modern societies are more likely to develop mental illness in later years.
4. Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlby#39;s theory?
A) many studies show that day care has a positive effect on children#39;s development.
B) Day care is safe, otherwise there wouldn#39;t be so many nursery schools.
C) Separation from parent for very young children is common in some traditional societies.
D) Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with.
5. Which of the following best expresses the writer#39;s attitude towards early day care?
A) Children under three should stay with heir parents.
B) Early day care has positive effects on children#39;s development.
C) The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics.
D) The effects of early day care on children are exaggerated and parents should ignore the issue.
Keys：CAADC
PASSAGE 23
Questioned Educational Function of TV
?Children learn almost nothing from television, and the more they watch the less they remember. They regard television purely as entertainment, resent programs that demand on them and are surprised that anybody should take the medium seriously. Far from being over-excited by programs, they are mildly bored with the whole thing. These are the main conclusions from a new study of children and television. The author- Cardiac Cullingford confirms that the modern child is a dedicated viewer. The study suggests that there is little point in the later hours. More than a third of the children regularly watch their favorite programs after 9 p.m. all 11-year-olds have watched programs after midnight.
Apart from the obvious waste of time involved, it seems that all this viewing has little effect. Children don#39;t pay close attention, says Cullingford, and they can recall few details. They can remember exactly which programs they have seen but they can rarely explain the elements of a particular plot. Recall was in "reverse proportion to the amount they had watched". It is precisely because television, unlike a teacher, demands so little attention and response that children like it, argues Cullingford. Programs seeking to put over serious messages are strongly disliked. So are people who frequently talk on screen. What children like most, and remember best, are the advertisements. They see them as short programs in their own right and particularly enjoy humorous presentation. But again, they react strongly against high-pressure advertisements that attempt openly to influence them.
On the other hand, they are not emotionally involved in the programs. If they admire the stars, it is because the actors lead glamorous lives and earn a lot of money, not because of their fictional skills with fast cars and shooting villains. They are perfectly clear about the functions of advertisements; by the age of 12, only one in 10 children believes what even favorite ads say about the product. And says Cullingford, educational television is probably least successful of all in imparting attitudes or information.
練習：
1. The study of children and television shows that
A) it is useless for television companies to delay adult viewing to the later hours.
B) It is a waste of time for children to watch adult programs on TV.
C) Children should not watch television programs late into the night.
D) Children are supposed to learn a lot from television programs.
2. "Recall was in reverse proportion to the amount they had watched" (in Paragraph 2) has almost the same meaning as
A) "the more they watch the less they remember".(in Paragraph 1)
B) "Programs seeking to put over serious messages are strongly disliked". (in Paragraph 2)
C) "They see them as short programs in their own right".(in Paragraph 2)
D) "educational television is probably least successful of all in imparting attitudes or information".(in Paragraph 3)
3. Which of the following is NOT true according to the new study of children and television?
A) Some children stay up late to watch the programs they like
B) Children enjoy watching challenging programs.
C) Children don#39;t like serious messages and high-pressured ads.
D) Though children like watching ads, most of them don#39;t believe what ads say about the product.
4. Cullingford concludes that
A) children are excited when they watch TV.
B) Watching TV has little real effect on children.
C) Parents should spend less time watching TV.
D) Parents should be worried about the effect of TV on children.
5. Whom would the result of the new study upset?
A) the advertisers.
B) The children viewers.
C) The movie stars.
D) The educators.
答案：AABBD
PASSAGE 24
The National Park Service
?America#39;s national parks are like old friends. You may not see them for years at a time, but just knowing they#39;re out there makes you feel better. Hearing the names of these famous old friends -Yosemite, Yellowstone, Grand Canyon -revives memories of visits past and promotes dreams of those still to come.
From Acadia to Zion, 369 national parks are part of a continually evolving system. Ancient fossil beds, Revolutionary War battlefields, magnificent mountain ranges, and monuments to heroic men and women who molded this country are all a part of our National Park System (NPS). The care and preservation for future generations of these special places is entrusted to the National Park Service. Uniformed Rangers, the most visible representatives of the Service, not only offer park visitors a friendly wave, a helpful answer, or a thought-provoking history lesson, but also are skilled rescuers, firefighters, and dedicated resource protection professionals. The National Park Service ranks also include architects, historians, archaeologists, biologists, and a host of other experts who preserve and protect everything from George Washington#39;s teeth to Thomas Edison#39;s wax recording.
Modern society has brought the National Park Service both massive challenges and enormous opportunities. Satellite and computer technologies are expanding the educational possibilities of a national park beyond its physical boundaries. Cities struggling to revive their urban cores are turning to the Park Service for expert assistance to preserve their cultural heritage, thirsty for recreational outlets are also working with the NPS to turn abandoned railroad tracks into bike and hiking trails, as well as giving unused federal property new life as recreation centers.
To help meet these challenges and take advantage of these opportunities, the National Park Service had formed partnerships - some dating back 100 years, some only months old - with other agencies, state and local governments, corporations, American Indian tribes and Alaska Natives, Park Friends groups, cooperating associations, private organizations, community groups and individuals who share the National Park ethic.
National Park Week 1996 is a celebration of these partnerships.
1. Why are America#39;s national parks like old friends?
A) Because they are always out there.
B) Because they are very old.
C) Because they make people feel better.
D) Because they are very famous.
2. Which of the following statements is true about uniformed rangers?
A) They take tourists to national parks.
B) They always act as tourist guides.
C) They help set up new national parks.
D) They protect the National Park System.
3. The National Park Service does all the following EXCEPT
A) offering help to visitors
B) molding the Nation.
C) keeping people better informed of the National Park System.
D) helping preserve the cultural heritage.
4. What is this passage about?
A) It is about the American National Parks.
B) It is about the National Park Service.
C) It is about the National Park Service partnerships.
D) It is about the care and preservation of the National Parks in America.
5. What will the paragraph following this passage most probably discuss?
A) The pocket parks in America,
B) The preparations made for the celebration of National Park Week 1996.
C) The work that has been done by the partners.
D) The preservation of national resources in America.
KEYS:ADBBC
PASSAGE 25
Tipping
?In any countries there is a fixed charge for personal services. A certain percentage may be added to the hill at a hotel or restaurant "for the service". In other places the customer may be expected to give a tip, or a small amount of money, as a sign of appreciation whenever services are performed. In the United States there is no consistent practice in regard to tipping. The custom is more common in a large city than in a small town. A native American may often be in doubt about when and how much to tip when he is in a city that is strange to him. In general, however, a tip is expected by the porter who carries your baggage, by taxi drivers (except, perhaps, in small town), and by those who serve you in hotels and restaurants.
When you pick up your incoming luggage at an airport, you may tip the man who takes it to the taxi or airport bus. He usually expects 35cents a bag for his service. In come cities the taxi that take you to your hotel may have one meter that shows the cost of the trip and another that shows a fixed charge, usually about 20 cents, for "extra". In some cities the taxi driver may expect a tip in addition to the "extra", especially if he carries your suitcase. If no "extra" is charged, a tip is usually given. Hotels generally do not make a service charge, though there are places where one is added. It is customary, however, to give something to the porter who carries your suitcases and shows you to your room. In case of doubt, 35 cents for each bag he carries is satisfactory. In a restaurant you generally leave about 15 percent of the bill in small change on that table as a tip for the person who has serves you. A service charge is generally not included except in some of the larger, more expensive places. If the order is small - a cup of coffee at a lunch counter, or something of the sort - a tip is not usually expected.
1. According to the passage, the practice of giving tips
A) is consistent throughout the world.
B) varies from place to place in the USA.
C) is consistent in large towns in the USA.
D) is consistent in small towns in the USA.
1. How many diseases are known to attack wheat?
A) Around 30,000
B) Around 140
C) Around 29,960
D) Around 40
2. According to this passage, which of the following would a plant disease result in if left unchecked?
A) A world war.
B) Border conflicts.
C) Rations of grain and meat.
D) Social upheavals.
3. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A) Some plants have relative immunity to a great many diseases, while others have a
susceptibility to them.
B) The tolerance of a particular plant changes as the growing condition change.
C) A blight killed virtually every chestnut tree in North American.
D) A blight may be a national infection.
4. According to the passage, some plant diseases can be prevented by
A) killing parasites.
B) inoculation
C) Killing insects
D) improving growing conditions
5. Which of the following statements is not true?
A) Some plant diseases may be caused by bacteria.
B) Some plant diseases may be caused by pathogens.
C) Some plant diseases may be caused by fungus.
D) Symptoms are always helpful in identifying diseases.
Keys: DDABD
1. How many diseases are known to attack wheat?
A) Around 30,000
B) Around 140
C) Around 29,960
D) Around 40
2. According to this passage, which of the following would a plant disease result in if left unchecked?
A) A world war.
B) Border conflicts.
C) Rations of grain and meat.
D) Social upheavals.
3. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A) Some plants have relative immunity to a great many diseases, while others have a
susceptibility to them.
B) The tolerance of a particular plant changes as the growing condition change.
C) A blight killed virtually every chestnut tree in North American.
D) A blight may be a national infection.
4. According to the passage, some plant diseases can be prevented by
A) killing parasites.
B) inoculation
C) Killing insects
D) improving growing conditions
5. Which of the following statements is not true?
A) Some plant diseases may be caused by bacteria.
B) Some plant diseases may be caused by pathogens.
C) Some plant diseases may be caused by fungus.
D) Symptoms are always helpful in identifying diseases.
Keys: DDABD
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