從難譯、不可譯走向可譯、妙譯
摘要：古典文學(xué)作品英譯數(shù)修辭及文化信息傳達(dá)最難，但譯者仍可以通過補(bǔ)償達(dá)到異曲同工之妙。本文選取《紅樓夢》的兩個(gè)英譯本以實(shí)例分析補(bǔ)償法在翻譯中的妙用。
關(guān)鍵詞：翻譯;《紅樓夢》;補(bǔ)償法
《紅樓夢》作為中國古典文學(xué)藝術(shù)的頂峰之作，所涉及的內(nèi)容包羅萬象，而要將其譯為英語并達(dá)到相近乃至對(duì)等的語言效果則是絕非易事。著名翻譯家楊憲益、戴乃迭與霍克斯分別翻譯的《紅樓夢》的兩個(gè)英譯本則比較完美地完成了這個(gè)艱難的任務(wù)。通過仔細(xì)研讀比較兩個(gè)譯本，本文認(rèn)為補(bǔ)償法的恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用對(duì)翻譯的成功至關(guān)重要。本文擬從語音和語形層面探討《紅樓夢》英譯本中補(bǔ)償法的巧妙運(yùn)用。
漢語語音修辭現(xiàn)象包括擬聲、諧音、飛白、雙關(guān)等，而如何將這些信息翻譯成英文就考驗(yàn)譯者的功底了，語音補(bǔ)償此時(shí)就可大展身手�！都t樓夢》十九回中有一例：小耗現(xiàn)形笑道：“我說你們沒見世面，只認(rèn)得這果子是香芋，卻不知鹽課林老爺?shù)男〗悴攀钦嬲南阌衲亍?rdquo;
楊： “You ignorant lot!”retorted the little mouse， resuming her original form. “You only know what sweet taros are， but don’t know that the daughter of Salt Commissioner Lin is sweeter than any taro.”2
(注釋2：This is an untranslatable pun. The yu in Daiyu’s name has the same sound as yu meaning “taro”)
霍：“It is you who are mistaken. You have seen too little of the world to understand. The vegetable tuber is not the only kind of sweet potato. The daughter of our respected Salt Commis?sioner Lin is also a sweet potato. She is the sweetest sweet potato of them all.”
“香芋”和“香玉”諧音，一為果子，一為鹽課林老爺?shù)那Ы�。寶玉講故事最后妙筆生花，讓黛玉知道最后才意識(shí)到“我就知道你是編我呢”，故事講得不露痕跡出奇制勝之。楊認(rèn)為此處諧音不可譯，故以腳注解釋此藝術(shù)效果進(jìn)。霍則是巧妙運(yùn)用vegetable tuber與sweet potato的天然聯(lián)系。在此語境賦予sweet potato比喻含義(指代可愛的討人喜歡的人)，先告訴讀者“香芋”非唯一的sweet potato，而黛玉則是the sweetest potato-- sweeter than any taro，語義轉(zhuǎn)化自然天成，同時(shí)保留了taro的語音重復(fù)，很大程度上補(bǔ)償了源語諧音的藝術(shù)效果，堪稱異曲同工。
語言是音形義的集合。翻譯最關(guān)注的多為意義的傳達(dá)，而語形效果的傳達(dá)常被忽視。英漢兩種語言分字形有著本質(zhì)的差異。補(bǔ)償法在翻譯《紅樓夢》第三回也有神來之筆：
正門卻不開，只有東西兩角門有人出入。正門之上有一匾，匾上大書“敕造寧國府”五個(gè)大字。
楊：The central gate was shut， but people were passing in and out of the smaller side gates. On a board above the main gate was written in large characters： Ningguo Mansion Built at Imperial Command.
霍：The center of the three gates was closed， but people were going in and out of the two side ones. There was a board above the centre gate on which were written in large characters the words：
NING-GUO HOUSE
Founded and Constructed by
Imperial Command
原文匾額 “敕造”、“大書”、“五個(gè)大字”相繼出現(xiàn)極顯寧國府之高貴莊嚴(yán)，而這種氣勢譯成英文可謂難事。楊將“敕造寧國府”的英譯以首字母都大寫的方式傳達(dá)其莊重之感�；糇g則絕妙地發(fā)揮了英語書寫規(guī)范，采取居中、府名大寫、內(nèi)容換行的書寫形式，更為高明地傳遞了原文中所傳達(dá)的高貴神圣。
補(bǔ)償法在《紅樓夢》英譯中的成功運(yùn)用使翻譯從不可譯、難譯走向可譯、妙譯，彌補(bǔ)了因文化差異、詞匯空缺等原因?qū)е伦g本的信息和功能缺失，使英譯本與原文達(dá)到了異曲同工之妙。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1]Cao Xueqin.A Dream of Red Mansions.1978.Trans.Yang Xianyi&GladyYang.Beijing： Foreign Languages Press.
[2]CaoXueqin. The Story of the Stone .1983.Trans.David Hawkes.London：Penguin Books Ltd.