了解、熟悉并掌握運用這些特點及其編寫格式,無論對閱讀和撰寫英語論文,捕捉論著的原意,還是中英互譯等均具有頗為重要的應(yīng)用價值,特別是對撰寫醫(yī)學(xué)論文,具有一定的指導(dǎo)意義。

　　1、TITLE標題

　　既然是標題,不言而喻,就要力求新穎、簡明、扼要,例如以下幾個例子。Advances in Control of Cancer Pain控制癌腫疼痛方法的進展。Semiquantitatie Analysis of the Autoradiographs放射自顯影半劑量分析The Higher the Diffusion Rate,the Higher thdChance of Each NewlyIodinated Tgb Molecule Cominginto Repeated Contact with the Peroxidase Site at theApical Membrane彌散率越高,新碘化的Tgb分子與實膜過氧物酶部位所接觸的機會越多。

　　有些雜志,某些作者除采用正標題之外,還采用副標題,這種情況在國外刊物上的各類論文中可謂俯拾即是。采用副標題,一般是在正標題過于簡單、籠統(tǒng)的情況下,起到補充和系統(tǒng)說明正題等的作用,或是要強調(diào)某一個方面或幾個方面,以其引起讀者注意等等。Ultra-Low-Volume Administration:SystemsEvaluation and Date Analysis超低量用藥一系列評價和數(shù)據(jù)分析(補充正題)。Medical News:Adjuvant Chemotherapy Works forBreast Cancer with Involved Nodes醫(yī)學(xué)新聞:輔助性化學(xué)療法對伴有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的乳腺癌奏效(說明上題)。Unresolved Issue:Do Smokers Catch Less LungCancer?尚未解決的問題:吸煙者患肺癌少嗎?(提醒人們注意吸煙者患肺癌的數(shù)量增加)。

　　有時,為了避免標題太長而使用縮寫詞。Effect of LATS(=Long-Acting Thyroid Stimula-tor)and LATS Protectoron HTACA(=Human Thy-roid Adeny Cyclase Activity)長效甲狀腺刺激素和長效甲狀腺刺激素保護物對人體甲狀腺甙酸環(huán)化酶活性的作用�？紤]文章較長,可在統(tǒng)一的標題下,用不同的副標題分成若干相對獨立的篇章。例如:Factors Influ-encing one's Ability to Adopt to Chronic Illness影響個人對慢性疾病適應(yīng)能力的因素(1)CARE保健;(2)TECHNOLOGY技術(shù)學(xué);(3)FAMILY RELATION-SHIPS家庭關(guān)系;(4)DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL發(fā)展水平(研究標準);(5)CULTURAL VALUESAND BELIEFS文化價值和信仰。

　　2、ABSTRACT(SUMMARY)摘要、提要

　　這部分是對整篇文章的高度概括或濃縮,故要簡單、明了。常用的詞匯和句型有:Somebody studied(examined investigated,determined,found,reported,interviewed,measured,documented,considered,though evaluated,observed,…)。運用這些動詞,所采用的時態(tài)通常是一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時。被動語態(tài)也屢見不鮮,常見有:This study was taken to ex-amine… ;Patients with…were followed up for+時間;It is showed that… ;It is concluded that… ;Indicationswere obtained that… ,等。結(jié)尾時常用的表達方法有:The results indicate(show,state,suggest,demon-strate,conclude,express…)that… ;These findingshave special importance in showing that… ;The find-ings have general significance in that… ;This possibilityis strengthening by the observation that… ,等等。例:

　　Enzyme Linkel Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA)isused to the detection for antibody of anti-thy oglobulinin normal human serum,cord serum,and amniotic flu-id.The results demonstrate that it seemed to be an cer-tain rule that the lower appeared in the amniotic fluid,the highest in cord serum.Antibody is decreasing for anormal level with the grown-up age after birth.It isthus concluded that antibody of anti-thyroglobulin wemeasured may play a certain significance in diagnosis ofcretinism by ELISA.作者采用ELISA對正常人的血清、臍帶血清和羊水中的抗甲狀腺球蛋白抗體進行了測定。其結(jié)果有一定規(guī)律:抗體在胎生期首先出現(xiàn),分娩時濃度達高峰,而后隨年齡增長逐漸降至正常水平。故測定該抗體對地方克汀病之診斷有一定意義。

　　3、INTRODUCTION引言

　　本項除課題意義外,主要涉獵前人研究情況的評述及本研究的目的,后兩者有時分別列出。茲分述如下:

　　3.1、REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK

　　以往研究評論　還有用其它題目的,例如:REVIEW OF LITER-ATURE(文獻評述),LITERATURE CITED(文獻引述),PRIOR RESEARCH(以前的研究),SOMEPAST DESIGNS(過去的某些設(shè)計),BACK-GROU-ND(背景材料),等等。而這些資料引文的重點要放在引述與本文有關(guān)的以往研究的結(jié)果,否則會喧賓奪主。句式常有Sb.et al.tested(reported,gave,car-ried out experiment on… ;Sb found(showed…)that… .還有若干不同的其它表達方法,寫在下邊:our exper-iments show that… ;The present study was undertakentoidentify… ,Date are presented that suggest… ,Ourresults supported… ;The distribution has reported by… ;Our laboratory has undertaken a reexamination of… ;This article(paper)documents… ;We trace(evi-dence)…This model extends… ;Our findings demon-strate… ;We reasoned that… ;The effect…were evalu-ated by means of… ;The present results add some fur-ther elements to… .A recent study analyzed he effect of aspirin(ASA)on primaryhemostasis in uremia,measuring bleedingtime(BT).It was found that the same dose of ASA pro-longed BT more in uremic that in control subjects,sug-gesting platelets were more susceptible to the inhibitory-of ASA.This might be due to different ASA pharma-cokinetics and bioavailability that might be influenced bythe uremic condition.新近一項研究分析了乙酰水揚酸對尿毒癥第一期出血的影響,測定了出血的時間。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),同樣劑量的ASA均可延長出血時間,而尿毒癥受驗者比對照受驗者要多。這提示尿毒癥的血小板對ASA的抑制更具敏感性。這可能是由于ASA的藥物動力學(xué)和生物可用性不同所致。

　　3.2、OBJECTIVES目的

　　這一條還可寫作OBJEC-TIVES OF STUDY(研究的目的),有時OBJEC-TIVES不列在INTRODUCTION之內(nèi),而獨立列為一項。多采用開門見山,直接點出目的方式。常見的用語有:The(major main,overall,broad,primary…)objectives(purpose goal,aim…)of this study(research,article,paper,project,experiment),were(was)… ;The study aims at doing something…。例:The objec-tive of this article was to suggest that pulmonaryimpedance rheograph is one of the methods for differen-tial diagnosis of early pulmonale cor and hyperthyroi-dism。本文的目的在于提示肺阻抗圖是早期肺心病和甲狀腺機能亢進的鑒別診斷方法之一。

　　4、METHODS or EQUIPMENT AND TEST(EX-PERIMENT)PROCE DURI方法、設(shè)備和試驗程序

　　這一部分內(nèi)容須視論文的類別而有所不同,但就該題目而論,則多系試驗研究和技術(shù)報告一類。還可以用以下名稱等:TEST AND EQUIPMENT(試驗與設(shè)備),MATERIALS AND METHODS(材料及方法),EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE(試驗過程),DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT(試驗描述),或者只寫PROCEEDURE(過程),及METHODS(方法),較常見的句式有:Sb or Sth was(were)tested at… ;Sb or Sth participated in this study;或者The equip-ment which was used(consisted of,constructed from,furnished to…by,…)is… .例:Three groups of sub-jects participated in this study:(a)18 patients(10 menand 8 women with a medianage of 46 year,range 24～69)with chronic renal failure with anuria…參加本研究的有:(a)18例無尿慢性腎衰竭患者,其中男性10人,女性8人,平均年齡為46歲,年齡范圍為24～69歲… …。The test equipment which was used consisted of acupboard complete with temperature measuring trans-ducers and recording equipment.所有的試驗裝置由一個配有測溫傳感器和記錄器的小柜組成。