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面試中觸犯隱私的8個問題
Hiring managers have their companies' best interests at heart. Of course they want to know if you'll be a good fit, but they also want to know if you're likely to leave to start a family or retire in the near future. But asking anything intended to get information about a person's status in a protected class—age, race, religion, pregnancy, etc.—is technically illegal. Still, Peter K. Studner, author of Super Job Search IV: The Complete Manual for Job Seekers & Career Changers, says that often both interviewers and interviewees don't realize that a certain line of inquiry has veered into murky territory. To help defend job seekers against revealing information that could be used against them, here are eight questions that you should always avoid answering.
招聘經(jīng)理當然是以公司權益為首位。你是否合適一個崗位縱然是重要的考量標準，然而如果你可能會離職照顧家庭或是做不了多久就退休的話，可能面試崗位時就會受到不公平對待。但是如果面試官問出了如下的問題——年齡，種族，信仰，孕期之類——其實就是觸犯了法律�！督K極找工作第四部：求職者和跳槽人完全手冊》一書的作者彼得·K·斯達內指出，通常情況下，這樣的問題在求職者和面試官眼中都和侵權不沾邊兒。為了給廣大無辜求職者指一條明路，一下就是8個這類問題的案例：
1. What Country Are You From?
1. 你從哪里來?
As long as you're authorized to work in the country where the job is located—a question they are allowed to ask—employers can't dig into where you're from because nationality discrimination is illegal. Similarly, they can't ask if English is your first language.
如果你前往了你的工作地——這個問題往往會被提到——招聘者會問你的國籍，然而涉及國籍的問題可能有關國別歧視。同樣的，他們也不能問你英語是否是你的母語。
2. How Old Are You?
2. 你今年多大?
Lots of applications will stipulate that employees have to be over 18, and that's fine—ensuring their workers are not minors is within a company's rights. But this question becomes problematic when interviewers ask more mature candidates that question, because it's illegal to discriminate against anyone over 40 on the basis of age. If anyone asks, don't feel bad about declining to respond. Recognize that whoever is interviewing you probably already has some sense of your age just from looking at your resume.
招聘時往往會要求求職者年滿十八，我懂——招聘未成年人本來就是違法的。但是我都四十多歲了，你還問我這個問題，你是不是喜歡我啊?當然不是!而且這是違法的!如果被問起，那么說不也是有底氣的。要知道面試官可能已經(jīng)對你的年齡有了一些判斷。
3.When Did You Graduate?
3. 你哪年畢業(yè)的?
We all know how math works—this is just a not-so-sly way to calculate someone's age. (Feel free to nix the graduation year from your resume, too.) "If the interviewer presses for a reply, you might give him the date and then ask how that applies to your candidacy," Studner says. "And in the final analysis, would you really want to work for a company where the management discriminates against age? It might be better to move on."
誰不知道你這么問什么意思——只是拐個彎問年齡罷了。(所以你并不用寫你是什么時候畢業(yè)的)“如果招聘者執(zhí)意要問，你就告訴他并且詢問畢業(yè)時間對于求職的影響，”斯達內說，“在后半部分中，確定這個職業(yè)真的和畢業(yè)時間早晚是一對不可調和的矛盾嗎。如果是，那么朝前看吧，會有更好的職業(yè)等你的。”
4. Are You Married?
4. 說一下你的婚姻狀況?
Anything that fishes for information about a candidate's family plans (marriage, engagement, and child planning) is technically illegal because it falls under pregnancy discrimination. It can often seem like a hiring manager is just making pleasant conversation and trying to get to know you better, but job applicants are not obligated to disclose any personal information. This could also be a subtle way to question someone about their sexual orientation—another protected class.
任何有關求職者家庭觀的問題(結婚，訂婚或是要小孩兒)的提出都是違法的，因為這涉及到孕期工作歧視。面試人員往往會讓這一切看起來只是閑聊，讓你感受到他的關切和感興趣，然而作為我們求職者來說是不能上當把自己賣了的。同樣，有關性取向的問題也是不可鳥的哈。
5.What Religion Are You? Do You Observe Any Religious Holidays?
5.你的信仰是什么?你信仰的宗教有宗教節(jié)日嗎?
It's illegal to discuss your religion in an interview, even if it will affect your need to take time off. It can be awkward to back out of this question if an employer presses the issue, so Studner suggests a polite but firm, "I prefer not to discuss my religion, but I can assure you that it will not interfere with my doing this job."
在面試中談論宗教信仰是不合法律的，盡管這可能有關你的福利。但是由上司提出這件事未免太鬼畜，所以斯達內的建議是堅定而有禮地回答說：“我更傾向于不談論我的宗教信仰問題，但是我保證我的信仰不會對正常工作造成任何影響。”
6. Have You Ever Been Arrested?
6. 你被拘捕過嗎?
It's not illegal to ask if you've ever been convicted of a crime, and many employers do, either on the application or in the interview. But what they can't ask about is your arrest record. That said, it is not illegal for a concerned hiring manager to do some independent research to see if there are any records of arrests available online. If you know they'll be looking into your background, this constitutes a rare instance where an interviewee should volunteer incriminating information.
如果招聘者問及你是否因犯罪被拘捕時，不管是在求職還是面試，我要告訴你這么做是合法的。然而他們不能強行調看你的拘捕記錄。也就是說，如果他們做一些網(wǎng)上搜查來看你是否被拘捕過是合法的，然而這一點建立在你知情的基礎上，并且同意提供相關信息。
"In these kinds of cases where a future employer might uncover prior arrests, it is important to discuss the incident up front and point out that it was a thing of the past, never to be repeated," Studner says. "The more serious the offense, the more convincing you have to be."
“如果真的遇到這種招聘者要從頭到尾了解你犯罪前科的狀況，一定要堅持說明這都是過去發(fā)生的事情了，并且保證在以后永遠不會再度發(fā)生，”斯達內說，“情況越嚴重，你就要保證得越堅定。”
7. How's Your Health?
7. 你的身體健康狀況?
If it's a physically demanding job, employers have a right to ask about specific physical abilities. For example: "This job requires lifting packages up to 30 pounds, or standing on your feet for six hours a day, or talking on the phone at least 80 percent of the time. Is this something you can do on a continuous basis?" But anything that isn't directly related to tasks you'll be performing on the job is personal information that you don't have to—and shouldn't—reveal.
如果這是一項需要體力的工作，招聘這可能會問你如下問題：“工作可能會涉及拎30磅重的包裹，或者一天要站六個小時，或是80%的時間都在講電話。你能堅持做下去嗎?”但是如果健康方面的問題和做任務一點關系都沒有的話，你不用，也不需要回答。
8. Do You Like To Drink Socially?
8.能否千杯不醉?
It's not entirely clear why this would come up in an interview situation, but if it does, it's actually illegal in order to protect people who might answer "No." Under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, recovering alcoholics don't have to reveal any information that might hint at their status. It's also illegal to question job applicants about when they last used illegal drugs, although asking if you're currently using illegal drugs is permissible.
我也搞不清為什么這種問題會出現(xiàn)在面試中，不過如果真的被問到了，那么說他是違法的就真的保護了那些不能喝酒的應聘者。1990年的美國殘障人士法案確定出，正在康復中的戒酒者不必透露自己的現(xiàn)狀。盡管詢問目前是否吸毒是被允許的,但是詢問應聘者往日的吸毒經(jīng)歷是違法的。
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