考研英語作文文體區(qū)別
以下是CN人才網(wǎng)小編提供的考研英語作文文體區(qū)別,快來看看吧。
老師在批改學(xué)生作文時(shí),普遍有一種感覺:學(xué)生的作文大多用詞簡單、結(jié)構(gòu)松散,從語體角度分析,正式程度都較低,呈口語化的傾向。很多同學(xué)在寫作時(shí)都忽略了大作文對(duì)正式文體的要求。正式文體與非正式文體的區(qū)別表現(xiàn)在用詞、語法上。
以2009年的大作文為例,該作文為圖畫作文,圖畫是一張蜘蛛網(wǎng)上有很多人上網(wǎng)。圖畫中的中文提示詞為:互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的“遠(yuǎn)與近”,題目給出的要求是考生簡要描述圖畫,闡明其含義,并發(fā)表評(píng)論。下面特意選擇了考生大作文中普遍存在的非正式用語,并給出相應(yīng)的正式用語進(jìn)行比較。
兩種文體在語言特征上的主要差異首先表現(xiàn)在用詞上,體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:
1. 正式文體常使用正式用語,非正式文體則常使用非正式用語,這兩類不同的'用語是在長期的使用過程中被約定俗成地固定下來的。比如以下非正式用語一欄中的詞匯在考生大作文中普遍存在,可修改為右欄正式用語中的表達(dá):
非正式用語 | 正式用語 |
crime | offense |
people | individuals |
cut down | reduce |
serious | severe/grave |
harm | damage(or destroy/undermine/jeopardise) |
job | position |
具體而言,源于法語、拉丁語、希臘語的詞語多用于正式文體;源于古英語的詞語則多用于非正式文體。試比較:
We should investigate the root cause of the problem.
We should look into the root cause of the problem.
Investigate源于拉丁語,屬正式文體用語,而look into是古英語詞匯成分,屬非正式文體用語。
2. 現(xiàn)代英語中的縮略詞及縮約詞多用于非正式文體,其相應(yīng)的非縮略或非縮約形式則常出現(xiàn)在正式文體中。很多考生都忽略了這一區(qū)別,以下非正式用語欄中的表達(dá)都是從考生大作文中選出的,可修改為右欄正式用語中的表達(dá)。
縮略詞 | 正式用語 | 縮約詞 | 正式用語 |
ad | advertisement | shouldn’t | should not |
phone | telephone | won’t | will not |
TV | television | there’s | there is |
e.g。 | for example | don’t | do not |
paper | newspaper | I’ve | I have |
PC | personal computer | they’re | they are |
Informl: People can’t put up with the alienation brought by the Internet.3. 很多考生使用了很多短語動(dòng)詞,而這正是非正式文體的一大特征,正式文體則常用與之同義的單個(gè)動(dòng)詞。試比較:
Formal: Individuals cannot tolerate the alienation brought by the Internet.
Informal: In this day and age, many people can make use of the Internet via computers or mobile phones.
Formal: In this day and age, many individuals can utilise the Internet via computers or mobile phones.
兩種文體在語言特征上的第二類主要差異體現(xiàn)在語法上,具體包括以下幾個(gè)方面:
1. 在構(gòu)成比較句型時(shí),很多考生選擇使用了人稱代詞的賓格形式,其實(shí)使用人稱代詞的主格形式要顯得更正式些。
Informal: He spent more time playing computer games than me.
Formal: He spent more time playing computer games than I.
2. 在表達(dá)“讓步”概念時(shí),很多考生選擇使用的but, anyway, all the same, though, although等為非正式文體常用詞語表達(dá)。正式文體則常使用yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of (despite), notwithstanding等詞語,
Informal: He tried to overcome his addiction to the Internet, but he failed.
Formal: He endeavoured to overcome his addiction to the Internet; however, it turned out to be a failure.
3. 在構(gòu)成“方式狀語”時(shí),很多考生偏愛使用副詞,而這正是非正式文體常用的表達(dá)方式,正式文體則常用介詞和與該副詞同根的詞構(gòu)成的介詞短語:
Informal: It’s very important to….
Formal: It is of great importance to….
4. 在表達(dá)“原因”、“后果”等概念時(shí),很多考生由于水平所限,總是使用非正式文體常用的so,because或其他形式的表示原因的從句,正式文體則常用 on account of, accordingly, thus, hence, consequently, owing to (the fact that…)等詞或詞組,且比較經(jīng)常地運(yùn)用分詞短語、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等。
Informal: Since computers had proliferated, many people become addicted to the Internet.
Formal: Computers having proliferated, many people become addicted to the Internet.
5. 在構(gòu)成表示“目的”的狀語時(shí),很多考生使用具有非正式文體色彩的so as to;其實(shí),用in order that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句常出現(xiàn)于正式文體中:
Informal: We should do more outdoor activities so as to enrich our life.
Formal: We should do more outdoor activities in order that our life gets enriched.
6. 很多考生不會(huì)使用由引導(dǎo)詞it引導(dǎo)的句子(如it is said that…),實(shí)際上,這一結(jié)構(gòu)多見于正式文體,不用這一結(jié)構(gòu)而表達(dá)同一意義的句子多見于非正式文體:
Informal: The number of students in the classroom has been going down.
Formal: It has been noted with concern that the number of students attending class has been declining alarmingly.
7. 很多考生省略關(guān)系代詞、連詞、介詞,這些情況多見于非正式文體。
Informal: He flunked many courses. He had been expelled from the college.
Formal: He flunked so many courses that he had been expelled from the college.
Informal: He dealt with the problem the way his classmates does.
Formal: He dealt with the problem in the way his classmates does.
Informal: We should prevent it going from bad to worse.
Formal: We should prevent it from going from bad to worse.
8. 在表達(dá)“請(qǐng)求某人做某事時(shí)”,很多考生選擇使用具有非正式文體色彩的主動(dòng)語態(tài)句式,而沒有使用具有正式文體色彩的被動(dòng)語態(tài)句式。
Informal: Please communicate more with your friends and family.
Formal: More communication with your friends and family is needed.
9. 很多考生未能正確使用某些不定代詞、動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),不太注意句子的主謂一致,未能體現(xiàn)文章的正式文體風(fēng)。
Informal: Everybody should look after themselves.
Formal: Everybody should look after himself.
Informal: Everyone should do their best.
Formal: Everyone should do his best.
Informal: I’m not surprised at him failing the course.Formal: I am not surprised at his failing the course.
考生應(yīng)該在注意把握信息點(diǎn),注意信件的種類(即正式文體和非正式文體)。如果應(yīng)用文考題是寫給公司單位就要采用正式文體,如果考題是給朋友的話,就應(yīng)當(dāng)用非正式的普通用語考研英語閱讀材料。對(duì)于正式文體,我們可以背誦有關(guān)投訴信,詢問信,請(qǐng)求信,道歉信,感謝信,建議信,求職信,辭職信,邀請(qǐng)信的一些慣用表達(dá)。而非正式文體我們同樣要注意詞句方面不要寫錯(cuò),要準(zhǔn)確多樣。
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