如何才能健康的退休

　　A colleague from the financial world recently announced on Facebook that he had retired to the woodsy north-east of the US and that he was looking forward to spending his days fishing and hiking in a sylvan landscape far from Wall Street.

　　一位金融圈的同仁最近在Facebook上宣布，他已退休，搬到了林木茂盛的美國(guó)東北部，期待著能在遠(yuǎn)離華爾街的森林風(fēng)光中垂釣、徒步，消磨時(shí)光。

　　I, of course, wished him well, but I had to wonder what the medical record shows for people who have unplugged from their busy careers and left behind a mentally stimulating life.

　　當(dāng)然，我希望他一切安好，但我想知道對(duì)那些突然離開(kāi)繁忙的職業(yè)生涯并將那段激情燃燒歲月拋在身后的人來(lái)說(shuō)，他們的醫(yī)療記錄如何。

　　This is not an idle question: as the baby boomer generation ages, the number of people of retirement age in the US is projected to double from 36m in 2003 to 72m in 2030. Governments everywhere are debating whether and how far to raise the age of eligibility for state pensions because of the effect on the public purse.

　　這并不是一個(gè)毫無(wú)意義的問(wèn)題：隨著嬰兒潮一代逐漸變老，美國(guó)退休年齡人口數(shù)量預(yù)計(jì)將從2003年的3600萬(wàn)翻倍至2030年的7200萬(wàn)。由于擔(dān)心對(duì)公共財(cái)政的影響，世界各國(guó)政府都在討論是否提高領(lǐng)取國(guó)家養(yǎng)老金資格的最低年齡，以及提高到多大年齡。

　　It turns out that health studies of retirement are a mixed bag. One study in 2012 that received a lot of attention came from the Harvard School of Public Health. It looked at 5,422 individuals in the US and found there was a 40 per cent increase in heart attacks and strokes among those who had retired, compared with those of a similar age still working.

　　事實(shí)證明，對(duì)人們退休后健康問(wèn)題的研究結(jié)果是五花八門(mén)的。哈佛大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院(Harvard School of Public Health)2012年的一項(xiàng)研究引起了許多關(guān)注。該研究觀察了5422名在美國(guó)生活的個(gè)人，發(fā)現(xiàn)與仍在工作的同齡人相比，退休人群心臟病發(fā)作和中風(fēng)的比例高出40%。

　　Perhaps even more striking, the study found that most of the cardiovascular events happened in the year after retirement. When I contacted the lead researcher of the study, J Robin Moon, a sociologist now working on health systems in the Bronx, a poor borough of New York City, she said her statistical analysis might reflect “reverse causality”: in other words, people may have been forced to retire because they already had cardiovascular disease, not the other way around.

　　或許更令人吃驚的是，該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，大多數(shù)心血管疾病發(fā)生在退休后一年。當(dāng)我聯(lián)系到該項(xiàng)研究的首席研究員、如今在布朗克斯(Bronx，紐約市的一個(gè)貧困區(qū))從事衛(wèi)生體系工作的社會(huì)學(xué)家J圠賓莫恩(J Robin Moon)時(shí)，她說(shuō)自己的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析可能反映出一種“逆向因果關(guān)系”：換句話說(shuō)，人們可能是被迫退休，因?yàn)樗麄円呀?jīng)患上心血管疾病，而非相反的關(guān)系。

　　Those who were only semi-retired — working part-time — had substantially less risk of a heart attack. So Ms Moon ponders whether the ill-health effects have something to do with the US way of retirement, where people enter a life “that is completely different from what you’re used to with so many changes, socially and economic”.

　　處在半退休狀態(tài)(有兼職工作)的`人，心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大大降低。所以，莫恩在想，退休后健康欠佳的情況是否與美國(guó)人退休的方式——人們進(jìn)入另一種生活，“與他們此前習(xí)慣的完全不同而且伴隨如此多……身體上、社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)變化”——有些關(guān)系。

　　In contrast, a number of studies in Europe have had results very different from the Harvard research. A multiyear study of the pension system in Germany found that retirement “has a positive effect on health, increasing the probability of reporting to be in satisfactory health and mental health” and even reducing the number of visits paid to the doctor.

　　相比之下，歐洲的許多研究得出了與哈佛的研究截然不同的結(jié)果。德國(guó)一項(xiàng)針對(duì)養(yǎng)老金制度的多年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，退休“對(duì)健康有積極影響，提高了報(bào)告身心處于良好健康狀態(tài)的概率”，甚至減少了看醫(yī)生的次數(shù)。

　　Likewise, a study in France of 11,246 men and 2,858 women found that retirement was associated with a “substantial reduction in mental and physical fatigue and depressive symptoms”.

　　同樣，法國(guó)一項(xiàng)對(duì)1.1246萬(wàn)名男性和2858名女性的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，退休與“身心疲勞及抑郁癥狀的大幅減少”有關(guān)聯(lián)。

　　Of course, poor health does not happen overnight, even though events such as heart attacks and strokes are usually recorded as sudden events. Volumes have been written comparing the typical French diet with its US counterpart, which often contains more sugar and less fresh fruit and vegetables.

　　當(dāng)然，健康問(wèn)題并不是一夜之間出現(xiàn)的，盡管心臟病發(fā)作和中風(fēng)等狀況通常被視為突發(fā)疾病。有很多關(guān)于法國(guó)和美國(guó)典型飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的對(duì)比研究，后者往往包含更多的糖、較少的新鮮水果和蔬菜。

　　Another fascinating insight Ms Moon gleaned in an unpublished study was that people who are retired but have frequent contact with neighbours and friends tend to be healthier.

　　莫恩在一項(xiàng)未公布的研究中還發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)有趣現(xiàn)象：已經(jīng)退休但經(jīng)常與鄰居、朋友接觸的人身體通常更加健康。

　　If you can form social bonds and enjoy a smooth transition from full-time work to not working at all, the cardiovascular health effect was mediated. “Retirement is not the toxic factor, it’s the things that come with it,” she concludes.

　　如果你能建立自己的社會(huì)關(guān)系并實(shí)現(xiàn)從全職工作到完全退休的平穩(wěn)過(guò)渡，將可以調(diào)和退休對(duì)心血管健康的影響。“退休并非有害因子，危害健康的是與之相伴而來(lái)的問(wèn)題，”她總結(jié)說(shuō)。

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