如何增強(qiáng)聆聽能力

　　導(dǎo)語：現(xiàn)在很多人都喜歡活著自己的世界里，增強(qiáng)聆聽的能力很重要。

　　We are losing our listening. We spend roughly 60 percent of our communication time listening, but we're not very good at it. We retain just 25 percent of what we hear. Now not you, not this talk, but that is generally true. Let's define listening as making meaning from sound. It's a mental process, and it's a process of extraction.

　　我們正在喪失傾聽的能力，我們交流過程中60%的時(shí)間都是用來傾聽。但其實(shí)我們并不擅長(zhǎng)傾聽，我們只保留了25%所聽到的內(nèi)容。不是指在座各位和這個(gè)演講，這是一個(gè)普遍的事實(shí)!讓我們來定義傾聽，就是使得聲音有意義，這是一個(gè)心理過程。它也是一我們正在喪失傾聽的能力。

　　We use some pretty cool techniques to do this. One of them is pattern recognition. (Crowd Noise) So in a cocktail party like this, if I say, "David, Sara, pay attention," some of you just sat up. We recognize patterns to distinguish noise from signal, and especially our name. Differencing is another technique we use. If I left this pink noise on for more than a couple of minutes, you would literally cease to hear it. We listen to differences, we discount sounds that remain the same.

　　我們用一些很酷的技術(shù)完成這個(gè)過程。其中之一是模式識(shí)別技術(shù)“人群噪音”，在像這樣的一個(gè)雞尾酒會(huì)上，如果我說 “大衛(wèi)，莎拉，注意了” 你們中間就會(huì)有人坐直身子，我們能識(shí)別出一些聲音特點(diǎn)，從而從信號(hào)中區(qū)分它們。特別是對(duì)于自己的名字，區(qū)分是我們用的另外一個(gè)技術(shù)。如果我讓這種粉紅噪聲保持幾分鐘，你就不會(huì)很認(rèn)真的聽它了。我們只會(huì)聽有變化聲音，我們不大專注于持續(xù)不變的聲音。

　　And then there is a whole range of filters. These filters take us from all sound down to what we pay attention to. Most people are entirely unconscious of these filters. But they actually create our reality in a way, because they tell us what we're paying attention to right now. Give you one example of that: Intention is very important in sound, in listening. When I married my wife, I promised her that I would listen to her every day as if for the first time. Now that's something I fall short of on a daily basis. (Laughter) But it's a great intention to have in a relationship.

　　這里有一系列的過濾功能。它把我們從所有聲音中抽離出來，重點(diǎn)去聽我們所關(guān)注的。大多數(shù)人都完全沒有察覺這些——過濾器。但是它們?cè)谀撤N程度上創(chuàng)造了現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，因?yàn)樗鼈兏嬖V我們當(dāng)下我們正在關(guān)注什么。舉個(gè)例子：意向在聲音和聽覺中非常重要。我娶我夫人的時(shí)候，我向她承諾我每天都會(huì)像我們第一次見面那樣，去傾聽她�，F(xiàn)在我每天都在下降，(笑聲)，但這是這種關(guān)系下的一個(gè)很好的意愿。

　　But that's not all. Sound places us in space and in time. If you close your eyes right now in this room, you're aware of the size of the room from the reverberation and the bouncing of the sound off the surfaces. And you're aware of how many people are around you because of the micro-noises you're receiving. And sound places us in time as well, because sound always has time embedded in it. In fact, I would suggest that our listening is the main way that we experience the flow of time from past to future. So, "Sonority is time and meaning" -- a great quote.

　　但這不是全部，聲音把我們置于時(shí)間和空間中 。如果你現(xiàn)在馬上閉上眼，你會(huì)通過聲音回響以及聲音，在物體表面撞擊的力度，感覺出這件房間的大小，你還可以感覺到在你周圍有多少人。因?yàn)槟憧梢月牭街車�微小的噪音。同時(shí)，聲音還把我們置于時(shí)間中，因?yàn)槁曇艨偸呛蜁r(shí)間并存的。實(shí)際上我認(rèn)為聽覺是我們最主要的方式，去感受時(shí)間從過去到未來 的流動(dòng)。因此，“聲音是時(shí)間和存在”--很好的引述。

　　I said at the beginning, we're losing our listening. Why did I say that? Well there are a lot of reasons for this. First of all, we invented ways of recording -- first writing, then audio recording and now video recording as well. The premium on accurate and careful listening has simply disappeared. Secondly, the world is now so noisy, (Noise) with this cacophony going on visually and auditorily, it's just hard to listen; it's tiring to listen. Many people take refuge in headphones, but they turn big, public spaces like this, shared soundscapes, into millions of tiny, little personal sound bubbles. In this scenario, nobody's listening to anybody.

　　我在演講開始的時(shí)候說過，我們正逐漸喪失傾聽的能力 我為什么這么說呢? 這里面有許多的原因。首先，我們發(fā)明了記錄的方式-- 一開始通過書寫，接著是錄音 然后到了現(xiàn)在可以記錄影像 精確、仔細(xì)的傾聽所帶來的好處，已經(jīng)消失了。第二，現(xiàn)在的世界太嘈雜了 (噪音)伴隨著視覺、聽覺上的，這樣的污染，已經(jīng)很難去傾聽了，也疲于去傾聽了。許多人用耳機(jī)逃避吵雜的世界。但是他們把像這樣的龐大的公共空間，本可被共享的音樂場(chǎng)景，變成了數(shù)百萬個(gè)這樣的私人音樂小氣泡，這種情況下，沒有人會(huì)傾聽其他人。

　　We're becoming impatient. We don't want oratory anymore, we want sound bites. And the art of conversation is being replaced -- dangerously, I think -- by personal broadcasting. I don't know how much listening there is in this conversation, which is sadly very common, especially in the U.K. We're becoming desensitized. Our media have to scream at us with these kinds of headlines in order to get our attention. And that means it's harder for us to pay attention to the quiet, the subtle, the understated.

　　我們正在變得浮躁，我們更青睞簡(jiǎn)單的語言而不再需要。那些華麗的詞藻、交談的藝術(shù)，正在被私人化的平實(shí)語言所取代。我認(rèn)為這是很危險(xiǎn)的。我不清楚這種交談中傾聽能夠占幾成 通常都很不樂觀，特別是在英國(guó)。我們正在變得麻木，媒體不得不用這樣的標(biāo)題向我們“嘶吼“，就是為了奪人眼球。這就意味著我們難以專注于——安靜的、細(xì)微的 、要理解的東西。

　　This is a serious problem that we're losing our listening. This is not trivial. Because listening is our access to understanding. Conscious listening always creates understanding. And only without conscious listening can these things happen -- a world where we don't listen to each other at all, is a very scary place indeed. So I'd like to share with you five simple exercises, tools you can take away with you, to improve your own conscious listening. Would you like that?

　　喪失傾聽的能力是個(gè)很嚴(yán)重的問題 這不是沒有意義的。因?yàn)閮A聽是我們?nèi)フJ(rèn)識(shí)事物的途徑，有意識(shí)的去傾聽往往有助于我們的理解力。如果失去有意識(shí)的傾聽，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致以下的后果-- 一個(gè)人們不會(huì)相互傾聽的世界，是非�？膳碌摹Ｒ虼�，我希望與大家分享，五個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的技巧來幫助大家，改進(jìn)自己有意識(shí)的傾聽，你們想聽嗎?

　　(Audience: Yes.) Good.

　　(聽眾：當(dāng)然) 好!

　　The first one is silence. Just three minutes a day of silence is a wonderful exercise to reset your ears and to recalibrate so that you can hear the quiet again. If you can't get absolute silence, go for quiet, that's absolutely fine.

　　首先是安靜。每天只需拿出三分鐘讓自己安靜下來，就是一個(gè)很好的練習(xí)，來讓聽覺系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行重置和調(diào)整，從而可以再一次感受到寧?kù)o。如果沒有完全無聲的環(huán)境 ，就去一個(gè)安靜的地方也沒問題。

　　Second, I call this the mixer. (Noise) So even if you're in a noisy environment like this -- and we all spend a lot of time in places like this -- listen in the coffee bar to how many channels of sound can I hear? How many individual channels in that mix am I listening to? You can do it in a beautiful place as well, like in a lake. How many birds am I hearing? Where are they? Where are those ripples? It's a great exercise for improving the quality of your listening.

　　第二點(diǎn)，我稱之為混合器 (噪音)即使你在一個(gè)像這樣嘈雜的環(huán)境中-- 我們很多時(shí)間都生活在這樣的環(huán)境中-- 在咖啡廳里聽，你可以聽到多少種聲音? 你可以在混雜噪音中分辨出多少獨(dú)立的聲音? 這種方法也可以在幽靜的`地方練習(xí)，比如在湖邊 我可以聽到多少種鳥叫聲? 它們從哪里發(fā)出?傳向哪里? 這也是很好的練習(xí)，來改善我們的聽覺能力。

　　Third, this exercise I call savoring, and this is a beautiful exercise. It's about enjoying mundane sounds. This, for example, is my tumble dryer. (Dryer) It's a waltz. One, two, three. One, two, three. One, two, three. I love it. Or just try this one on for size. (Coffee grinder) Wow! So mundane sounds can be really interesting if you pay attention. I call that the hidden choir. It's around us all the time.

　　第三點(diǎn)，我稱之為品味聲音 這是個(gè)很好的練習(xí)。是關(guān)于享受平淡聲音的，比如說，這是我的滾筒式干衣機(jī) (干衣機(jī))像華爾茲一樣 1-2-3，1-2-3，1-2-3 我喜歡它，或者試試這個(gè) (咖啡研磨機(jī)) 哇喔! 如果你用心，如此平凡的聲音也可以這樣有趣，我稱其為隱形合唱團(tuán)，他們一直都在我們周圍。

　　The next exercise is probably the most important of all of these, if you just take one thing away. This is listening positions -- the idea that you can move your listening position to what's appropriate to what you're listening to. This is playing with those filters. Do you remember, I gave you those filters at the beginning. It's starting to play with them as levers, to get conscious about them and to move to different places. These are just some of the listening positions, or scales of listening positions, that you can use. There are many. Have fun with that. It's very exciting.

　　下一個(gè)練習(xí)，也許是五項(xiàng)之中最重要的。如果只選一個(gè)的話，那就是傾聽的狀態(tài)-- 你可以改變你傾聽的狀態(tài) ，根據(jù)你所聽的內(nèi)容而定。這些要用到哪些過濾器，還記得嗎?我開始的時(shí)候提到過的，像一個(gè)杠桿一樣去運(yùn)用它們，根據(jù)它們來移動(dòng)到不同的地方，屏幕上只是一部分傾聽的狀態(tài) 或者是大家可以運(yùn)用的傾聽狀態(tài)的一些尺度，還有許多，它很有趣，很讓人激動(dòng)。

　　And finally, an acronym. You can use this in listening, in communication. If you're in any one of those roles -- and I think that probably is everybody who's listening to this talk -- the acronym is RASA, which is the Sanskrit word for juice or essence. And RASA stands for Receive, which means pay attention to the person; Appreciate, making little noises like "hmm," "oh," "okay"; Summarize, the word "so" is very important in communication; and Ask, ask questions afterward.

　　最后，是一個(gè)縮略詞 你可以在傾聽、交流時(shí)用到它 只要你處于其中一種情況下-- 我想可能聽這個(gè)演講的在座各位都是吧-- 這個(gè)縮寫就是RASA 它本身是個(gè)梵文，意思是汁液或者精華，同時(shí)RASA這里代表著”接受“意思是關(guān)注于與你交談的人。賞識(shí)，做出些反映，比如，恩，哦，好不錯(cuò); 小結(jié) “所以，因此”這個(gè)詞在交流中是非常重要的，以及，詢問，最后的時(shí)候問些問題。

　　Now sound is my passion, it's my life. I wrote a whole book about it. So I live to listen. That's too much to ask from most people. But I believe that every human being needs to listen consciously in order to live fully -- connected in space and in time to the physical world around us, connected in understanding to each other, not to mention spiritually connected, because every spiritual path I know of has listening and contemplation at its heart.

　　聲音是我的愛好、我的生命。我為此寫了一本書，所以我為傾聽而生。當(dāng)然這對(duì)大多數(shù)人來說要求太高了。但是我相信每一個(gè)人，都需要有意識(shí)的傾聽，才是完整的生活--把空間和時(shí)間和我們周圍的自然世界聯(lián)系起來，把每個(gè)人用相互理解聯(lián)系起來，更不用說是精神層面的聯(lián)系。因?yàn)槊恳粋�(gè)我了解的精神幽徑，都包括發(fā)自內(nèi)心的傾聽，和凝視。

　　That's why we need to teach listening in our schools as a skill. Why is it not taught? It's crazy. And if we can teach listening in our schools, we can take our listening off that slippery slope to that dangerous, scary world that I talked about and move it to a place where everybody is consciously listening all the time -- or at least capable of doing it.

　　這就是為什么，我們需要在學(xué)校把傾聽當(dāng)作一個(gè)技能，去傳授，為什么實(shí)際情況卻相反?太不可理解了，如果我們可以在學(xué)校里傳授傾聽技巧�？梢宰柚刮覀兊穆犛X墜向我提到過的，那個(gè)危險(xiǎn)、可怕的世界，并將其引導(dǎo)到一個(gè)每個(gè)人都樂于有意識(shí)的去傾聽的地方-- 或者至少有能力去傾聽。

　　Now I don't know how to do that, but this is TED, and I think the TED community is capable of anything. So I invite you to connect with me, connect with each other, take this mission out and let's get listening taught in schools, and transform the world in one generation to a conscious listening world -- a world of connection, a world of understanding and a world of peace.

　　現(xiàn)在還不知道如何做到這點(diǎn)，但這就是TED 我認(rèn)為TED團(tuán)體有能力做任何事情。因此我邀請(qǐng)大家聯(lián)系我，同時(shí)彼此互相聯(lián)系，秉承這個(gè)使命，同時(shí)讓傾聽課程進(jìn)入學(xué)校。通過一代人的努力把世界變成一個(gè)樂于傾聽的世界-- 一個(gè)彼此聯(lián)系的世界，一個(gè)相互理解的世界，一個(gè)和平的世界。

　　Thank you for listening to me today.(Applause)

　　謝謝大家今天傾聽我的演講(鼓掌)。

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